甜高粱主要农艺性状与产量相关和通径分析

以引进的11个醇用甜高粱品种为研究对象,对8个主要农艺性状与产量的关系进行了描述性分析、相关分析和通径分析。结果表明,参试的甜高粱品种8个农艺性状的变异系数分布在7.54%~19.44%,株高、茎秆长、茎粗和穗长的变异系数较大;甜高粱产量与株高、茎秆长呈极显著正相关关系,与茎粗、穗长呈显著正相关关系,而与出汁率呈显著负相关关系;株高、茎秆长、茎粗、穗长、叶长对甜高粱产量的直接效应有正向作用,糖锤度、出汁率、叶宽为负向作用,对甜高粱产量作用最大的是株高,其次是茎秆长、茎粗、穗长。因此,在选育优良甜高粱品种时,要协调好各性状之间的关系,着重对株高、茎秆长、茎粗、穗长进行选择。     

玉米11个农艺性状的通径分析

用不完全双列杂交法组配成35个组合，对玉米的生育期等11个性状与籽粒产量的遗传相关和通径进行了研究。结果表明，株高等7个性状与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关，生育期为显著正相关，穗位高和穗粗为正相关，但差异不显著，穗行数为显著负相关。通径分析结果表明：果穗结实长度等7个性状与籽粒产量的直接通径系数为正值，面千粒重等4个性状的直接通径系数为负值。在玉米高产育种中，要重视选择果穗结实长、籽粒行数多、果穗长和出籽率高的类型，适当注意穗位高等3个性状的选择，对千粒重等4个性状的选择可适当放宽。同时，也要注意到各性状间的相关性，把杂交种的各农艺性状协调到最佳程度。     

玉米茎秆性状与抗折断力的相关和通径分析

以一组双列杂交组合为试材,对9个茎秆性状与单位体积茎抗折断力(UVSRP)进行了相关和通径分析。结果表明,雄穗主轴长与UVSRP呈极显著正相关;穗下生物鲜重、穗下茎秆长、茎秆鲜重、穗位高、茎秆长粗比与UVSRP呈极显著负相关;穗下平均节间长、株高与UVSRP呈显著负相关;茎粗与UVSRP相关不显著。通径分析结果表明,茎秆鲜重、穗下平均节间长、株高和雄穗主轴长对UVSRP的作用表现为较大的正向直接效应;穗下茎秆长、穗下生物鲜重、茎秆长粗比、茎粗和穗位高对UVSRP的作用表现为较大的负向直接效应。增加玉米的生物产量不能只增加穗下茎秆长或穗下平均节间长。适当的雄穗主轴长可作为选择抗茎折断力强的玉米品种的重要参考性状。     

糯玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的通径分析

本文采用通径分析的方法,二年中研究了38个糯玉米杂交种的主要农艺性状与籽粒产量的关系.结果表明:穗粒数和百粒重对单株产量至关重要,其次是出籽率和灌浆日数,株高、穗位和穗粗对产量作用不大.因此认为,通过对穗粒数和百粒重的选择,有助于高产糯玉米杂交种的培育,加强灌浆期的管理,可以提高单株产量.     

玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的相关和通径分析

用不完全双列杂交法组配25个组合，对玉米的生育期等10个农艺性状与籽粒产量的遗传相关和通径进行研究。结果表明，除生育期外的9个农艺性状与籽粒产量的遗传相关系数为正值，且达到显著或极显著差异。结实长、穗粗、株高、出籽率、百粒重、穗长和穗行数与籽粒产量的直接效应为正值，其中结实长与产量的直接通径系数最大(P＝0．4676)，其次为穗粗(P＝0.4170)，而生育期等3个性状的直接通径系数为负值。选育玉米高产杂交种时，要注重果穗结实长度和穗粗的选择。     

玉米拔节后不同水分处理对植株性状和水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验的方法,在不同灌水条件下,研究吉林省西部半干旱区春玉米植株性状、水分利用特性、茎秆强度与植株性状的关系。结果表明:随着灌水量的增加,玉米株高增加,穗位高和茎秆强度有所增加,对茎粗的影响相对较小。干旱胁迫下适度灌水,玉米的茎秆强度和株高、茎粗及穗位高呈正相关关系;在灌水量达田间持水量100%的处理下,玉米的茎秆强度和株高、茎粗及穗位高呈负相关,即玉米的茎秆强度随株高和穗位高的增加而呈降低趋势,从而增加了倒伏的风险。随着灌水量的增多,玉米产量提高不明显,水分利用效率显著降低。     

玉米主要农艺性状的相关通径分析

用不完全双列杂交法组配25个杂交组合,对玉米的穗长等7个农艺性状与子粒产量进行遗传相关和通径分析.结果表明,穗长等7个农艺性状与子粒产量的遗传相关系数除穗行数外,其余为正值.其中穗长、行粒数、结实长达到极显著标准.通径分析结果表明:穗长、穗粗、出籽率与子粒产量的直接通径系数为正值.其中穗长对产量的直接通径系数最大(p=8.760 4),其次为穗粗(p=7.201 7),而千粒重等4个性状的直接通径系数为负值.选育高产玉米杂交种时,应高度重视选择果穗长而粗、出籽率高的类型。     

糯玉米杂交种产量及主要农艺性状相关分析

试验选用自育的20个糯玉米杂交种为供试材料,采用随机区组设计。通过对鲜穗采收期和成熟期产量、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、株高、穗位高等性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,在鲜穗采收期,穗长、双穗率、百粒重、出籽率等性状均与鲜穗产量呈正相关,作用最大的因素是穗长(r=0.600 0**)。通径分析显示各性状对鲜穗产量作用大小顺序为双穗率>穗长>百粒重>出籽率>穗位高>行粒数>穗粗>株高。在完熟期,行粒数(r=0.504 2*)、穗粗(r=0.495 9*)与干子粒产量呈正相关,达显著水平,进一步通径分析表明,各性状对干子粒产量作用排序为行粒数>穗位高>穗粗>穗长>秃尖长。     

油用型向日葵杂交种主要性状及与产量关系研究

研究了国内油用型向日葵杂交种主要性状及其与产量的关系。在10个性状中，结实率、籽仁率、生育期、合油率遗传变异较小，茎粗、盘径、百粒重、株高中等，产量和叶片数变异最大。相关分析和通径分析结果表明，小区产量与株高、叶片数、籽仁率、茎粗、合油率等性状直接相关效应较大，其中株高、叶片数、茎粗对产量的直接效应最大，是影响产量的主要因子。     

含非洲血缘玉米杂交种主要穗部性状与单株产量的相关及通径分析

主要对8个含非洲血缘的玉米杂交种主要穗部性状与其单株产量之间了进行相关和通径分析。相关分析表明,各穗部性状与单株产量之间均呈显著正相关,相关关系由大到小依次为百粒重、行粒数、穗长、穗行数、穗粗。通径分析结果表明:各穗部性状对单株产量的相对重要性依次为百粒重、穗长、穗行数、穗粗、行粒数。因此,为了获得含非洲血缘的高产玉米杂交种,应着重选择百粒重较大、穗长较长和穗行数较多的基因型,而对于穗粗和行粒数的选择标准可以放宽。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。