大豆种质资源脂肪酸组分含量及品质性状的相关性分析

对黑龙江省大豆种质资源的脂肪酸含量及其与品质性状的相关性进行分析,为科学地评价和利用大豆种质资源奠定基础.采用毛细管气相色谱法,对100个大豆品种(系)的脂肪酸组分进行了测定,并对各组分和品质性状间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:大豆中的脂肪酸含量高低顺序为:亚油酸>油酸>棕榈酸>亚麻酸>硬脂酸.不同大豆品种各脂肪酸含量均有一定的差异,其中硬脂酸的变异系数最大,为13.24%,亚油酸的变异系数最小,为4.57%.通过组分间的相关性分析表明,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸呈极显著负相关,棕榈酸与硬脂酸呈显著负相关,而亚油酸与亚麻酸呈显著正相关.蛋自质与油份呈极显著负相关.     

我国主要茶树品种茶籽油脂肪酸组成的研究(摘要)

采用气相色谱分离法,对我国14个产茶省区的26个主要茶树品种的茶籽油脂肪酸组成及其组成比进行了普查。结果表明,组成茶籽的脂肪酸有软脂酸(16∶0)、硬脂酸(18∶0)、油酸(18∶1)、亚油酸(18∶2)、亚麻酸(18∶3)豆苷酸(14∶0)和棕榈油酸(16∶1)等七种组分。其中棕榈油酸(16∶1)属首次发现。脂肪酸组分的变化因品种及环境条件的改变而异,组成比范围如下:软脂酸15.79±1.03%;硬脂酸2.64±0.64%;油酸56.0±     

不同品种、地区茶叶籽仁含油量及茶叶籽油中脂肪酸组分和含量差异性分析

为了筛选出含油量高且脂肪酸组分丰富的茶树品种,对9个省区49个茶树品种茶叶籽进行研究.结果发现,不同品种茶树茶叶籽含油量范围为16.29％～33.80％.采用气相色谱法测定各个品种茶叶籽油中脂肪酸的组分和含量,共检测出19种脂肪酸,主要为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸,分别占总脂肪酸含量的46.00％～72....     

亚麻种质脂肪酸含量的鉴定与评价

为了进一步鉴定和评价亚麻种质资源的脂肪酸组分含量,采用近红外仪检测国内外102份亚麻种质的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸含量,用统计学方法分析遗传多样性和相关性。结果表明,5种脂肪酸含量变异系数为11.78%～35.61%,依次排序为硬脂酸亚油酸油酸亚麻酸棕榈酸;遗传多样性指数为1.84～2.31,依次排序为硬脂酸亚麻酸棕榈酸亚油酸油酸。相关性分析结果表明,棕榈酸与硬脂酸含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.672),与油酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.353);亚麻酸与硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸呈极显著负相关。聚类分析结果表明,将102份亚麻种质分为4个类群,第一类群包括12份种质,第二类群包括58份种质,第三类群包括26份种质,第四类群包括6份种质。     

不同花生品种脂肪酸组成及其积累规律的研究

以15个花生品种(系)为研究材料,对其油脂含量和脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果显示,所有花生品种(系)种子总油脂含量差异不大,平均为51.34%。主要检测到油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山萮酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、二十四烷酸8种脂肪酸,其中油酸含量最高,品系E1高达85.61%,品系E11的油酸含量最低,仅为37.12%。含量仅次于油酸的是亚油酸,含量在1.44%~37.11%之间,其中品系E11的亚油酸含量最高,品系E1含量最低。同时,选取其中4个品种(系)进行种子发育过程中油脂和脂肪酸含量变化规律的研究。结果显示,在种子发育过程中油脂含量持续积累,呈先快后慢趋势,部分品系在后期油脂含量略有下降。硬脂酸含量逐渐升高,棕榈酸含量逐渐降低。油酸含量的变化规律与亚油酸相反,说明油酸含量的增加可能由于生成亚油酸脂肪酸的减少。     

甘肃胡麻地方品种种质资源品质分析

对甘肃116 个胡麻地方品种种质资源的粗脂肪含量、5种脂肪酸含量及碘价等主要品质性状进行测定分 析,对品质性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,甘肃胡麻地方种质资源粗脂肪含量,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚 油酸、亚麻酸含量及碘价的平均值分别为37. 48%、5. 90%、5. 32%、29. 05%、10. 94%、48. 76%和175. 60。粗脂肪 含量普遍较低,油酸和亚麻酸含量高。5种脂肪酸中棕榈酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸含量变异较小,硬脂酸和油酸变异较 大;不同品质性状间的相关关系和相关程度不同,粗脂肪含量与亚油酸含量有极显著的正相关,与硬脂酸含量有极 显著的负相关;亚麻酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸含量均呈极显著的负相关关系,与碘价呈极显著的正相关关 系;棕榈酸与油酸含量有显著的正相关,硬脂酸与油酸含量有极显著的正相关,油酸与碘价呈极显著负相关。初步 筛选出一批高油分、高油酸、高亚麻酸的优良种质。     

玉米子粒6个油脂性状间的遗传相关分析

用10个油脂含量差异大的优良自交系,按(5×5)配成不完全双列杂交组合,研究玉米子粒油分、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸6个油脂性状之间的胚、胚乳、细胞质及母体效应的相关性。结果表明:棕榈酸与硬脂酸的细胞质相关性最强,胚乳加性和胚加性相关次之;其余成对性状均表现为胚乳加性、胚加性相关最强,且胚乳加性相关强于胚加性相关,说明这些成对性状主要受加性相关控制。其中,玉米子粒油分与棕榈酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸极显著负相关,与硬脂酸、油酸极显著正相关。脂肪酸组分中,亚油酸与棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸极显著正相关,与油酸、硬脂酸极显著负相关;油酸与棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸极显著负相关,与硬脂酸正相关。     

油葵含油率及脂肪酸组成与土壤盐含量的关系

通过盆栽试验研究不同土壤含盐量对油葵含油率及脂肪酸组成的影响,结果表明:子实含油率和籽仁含油率随土壤盐含量的升高下降明显,且籽仁含油率受到的影响大于子实含油率。土壤含盐量的增加,促进棕榈酸、亚油酸的生成,抑制油酸的生成,但硬脂酸、亚麻酸的变化受土壤盐含量的影响不明显。土壤盐含量对籽仁含油率组分的影响依次为棕榈酸>油酸>亚油酸>硬脂酸>亚麻酸。     

籽用南瓜种子发育过程中脂肪酸积累模式的研究

以籽用南瓜品种银辉一号为材料对南瓜种子发育过程中脂肪酸的累积过程进行了分析。结果表明,成熟的南瓜种子中可检测到8种脂肪酸,按含量高低依次为：油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、亚麻酸。南瓜种子粗脂肪含量的积累模式呈现升-降-升的Z字型变化模式。在累积过程中除了C18:1和C18:3有负相关性外,其它脂肪酸相互之间显示了高度的正相关性。     

大豆种子脂肪酸含量的遗传分析

利用气相色谱脂肪酸甲酯化法测定了大豆品种绥农10与L-9及其杂交衍生的197个重组自交系种子的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对大豆种子的5种脂肪酸进行了遗传分析.结果表明:硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸均为2对主基因+多基因遗传模型;棕榈酸与亚麻酸均为3对主基因+多基因遗传模型,且五种脂肪酸含量的主基因遗传率大于多基因遗传率,即五种脂肪酸的遗传主要受主基因控制.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.