大豆种子发育过程中脂肪酸积累模式研究

对夏大豆种子发育过程中脂肪酸的累积过程进行了研究.研究表明,大豆种子发育早期有6种脂肪酸,成熟期减少为5种.成熟期的种子亚油酸和油酸占全部脂肪酸的80%以上,棕榈油酸发育中途消失.大豆种子脂肪酸总量呈升-降-升的Z字型变化模式.此外,本文通过对脂肪酸组分的相关性及主成份分析,对大豆种子发育过程中脂肪酸的积累模式进行了探讨,发现大豆种子发育过程中油酸与亚油酸呈同步积累,高度正相关,在脂肪酸组成中具支配地位,推测SAD和FAD2两种酶在决定大豆含油量方面可能具有决定性作用.     

不同小麦品种籽粒中脂肪酸组分含量及其相关性研究

为了明确小麦品种的脂肪酸及其组分的含量,选取97个小麦品种(系),利用气相色谱仪对其全麦粉脂肪酸组分进行了测定,并初步分析了部分品种(系)的脂肪酸组分含量的分布及其相关性,结果表明,总脂肪酸平均含量为1.91％,其中棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和亚麻酸(C18∶3)的平均含量依次为0.37％、0.02％、0.27％、1.17％和0.08％,分别占总脂肪酸组成的20％、1％、14％、61％和4％.不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)在总脂肪酸中所占的比例达到79％;总脂肪酸及其组分含量呈现中间多、两头少的正态分布,变异幅度较大;总脂肪酸含量与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸4种组分含量相关极显著,而与亚麻酸的含量无显著相关.     

高低芥酸油菜品种发育籽粒脂肪酸积累模式的研究

以甘蓝型油菜低芥酸品种秦油7号和高芥酸品种中油821为材料,对油菜籽粒发育过程中主要脂肪酸的积累模式进行研究,并分析高低芥酸品种间脂肪酸积累的差异及各种脂肪酸之间的相关性。结果表明：根据7种主要脂肪酸在种子发育过程中的积累模式,可将它们分成两类：一类为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其积累主要集中在种子发育早期;而油酸、二十碳烯酸和芥酸可归为另一类,其积累主要集中在种子发育后期。两个品种在棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸以及油份积累模式上基本一致,但在油酸、二十碳烯酸和芥酸的积累量上差异较大。     

不同花生品种脂肪酸组成及其积累规律的研究

以15个花生品种(系)为研究材料,对其油脂含量和脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果显示,所有花生品种(系)种子总油脂含量差异不大,平均为51.34%。主要检测到油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山萮酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、二十四烷酸8种脂肪酸,其中油酸含量最高,品系E1高达85.61%,品系E11的油酸含量最低,仅为37.12%。含量仅次于油酸的是亚油酸,含量在1.44%~37.11%之间,其中品系E11的亚油酸含量最高,品系E1含量最低。同时,选取其中4个品种(系)进行种子发育过程中油脂和脂肪酸含量变化规律的研究。结果显示,在种子发育过程中油脂含量持续积累,呈先快后慢趋势,部分品系在后期油脂含量略有下降。硬脂酸含量逐渐升高,棕榈酸含量逐渐降低。油酸含量的变化规律与亚油酸相反,说明油酸含量的增加可能由于生成亚油酸脂肪酸的减少。     

高含油量油菜种子和果皮油份积累及主要脂肪酸的动态变化

以高含油量油菜品系为材料,研究角果发育过程中种子和果皮油份积累与主要脂肪酸的动态变化。结果表明：高含油量品种在角果发育早期油份的合成与积累较为缓慢,开花后20d种子含油率仅占成熟种子油份含量的8.35%-12.32%,角果发育中期是油份含量增加最快的时期,开花后40d种子含油率占成熟种子油份含量的72.89%-94.73%,籽粒成熟时油份含量达到最大值。果皮的油份积累与种子相反,随角果发育油份含量依次下降,两者呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.95。种子和果皮的二十碳烯酸、芥酸合成规律明显不同。种子的7种主要脂肪酸组成中芥酸和二十碳烯酸与16碳、18碳脂肪酸含量均呈负相关,亚麻酸和亚油酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸含量均呈正相关,与油酸含量H2和H27为正相关,H1和H28为负相关。而油酸与其它脂肪酸的相关关系较为复杂,与棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸、亚麻酸的相关关系有正相关,也有负相关,可见油酸的合成与积累不仅与棕榈酸、硬脂酸有关,还会影响亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量,这是创新油菜高油酸材料的基础。     

花生种子发育过程中脂肪酸累积模式研究

花生种子脂肪酸组成是决定花生油营养和储藏品质的关键因子。本文通过对花生种子脂肪酸累积模式的研究,揭示花生脂肪酸组成的形成规律。在开花结荚期和荚果成熟期每隔7天取材一次,果针入土后第7天第一次取材,对各个时期果仁进行脂肪酸分析,研究脂肪酸组成及积累规律;并对种子发育全过程的脂肪酸组成进行相关分析和主成份分析。研究结果显示,下针后10天内的花生种子可检测到9种脂肪酸,C16:1和C18:3在发育过程中由高到低,逐渐消失,其他7种脂肪酸则随着花生种子的发育逐渐积累增高。成熟的花生种子中油酸和亚油酸含量占脂肪酸总含量的81%左右。脂肪酸总量在接近成熟时有所下降。不同脂肪酸在累积过程中显示了高度相关性,C16:1和C18:3之间呈正相关,属于第一类;其余7种脂肪酸之间也均呈正相关,属于第二类。第一和第二类脂肪酸之间呈负相关。主成份分析表明,9种脂肪酸可以分成三类：C18:1与C18:2各为一类,其他7种脂肪酸为另一类,C18:1与C18:2之比是花生脂肪酸组成的决定性因素。通过分析表明,决定花生脂肪酸组成的关键基因主要是脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2基因和SAD基因,有目的地对这两个基因的表达进行调控对于花生脂肪酸组成的改良有着重要的价值和意义。     

亚麻种质脂肪酸含量的鉴定与评价

为了进一步鉴定和评价亚麻种质资源的脂肪酸组分含量,采用近红外仪检测国内外102份亚麻种质的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸含量,用统计学方法分析遗传多样性和相关性。结果表明,5种脂肪酸含量变异系数为11.78%～35.61%,依次排序为硬脂酸亚油酸油酸亚麻酸棕榈酸;遗传多样性指数为1.84～2.31,依次排序为硬脂酸亚麻酸棕榈酸亚油酸油酸。相关性分析结果表明,棕榈酸与硬脂酸含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.672),与油酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.353);亚麻酸与硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸呈极显著负相关。聚类分析结果表明,将102份亚麻种质分为4个类群,第一类群包括12份种质,第二类群包括58份种质,第三类群包括26份种质,第四类群包括6份种质。     

花生籽仁发育过程中脂肪酸积累规律研究

以高O／L花生品种8130为材料对其籽仁发育过程中脂肪酸的累积过程进行分析。结果显示,花生籽仁中,含有8种主要的脂肪酸,按含量高低依次为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山嵛酸、花生酸、二十四烷酸、花生烯酸;花生籽仁发育过程中,油酸含量逐渐增多,其它脂肪酸呈逐渐降低的变化规律。饱满籽仁中亚油酸和油酸含量占全部脂肪酸的80％以上。脂肪酸总量在籽仁发育前期增加迅速,然后缓慢增长,到籽仁成熟期又迅速增加,在收获期达到峰值,油酸亚油酸比值（O／L）,随籽仁发育呈逐渐增加的变化规律,饱满籽仁达到最大。     

大豆种质资源脂肪酸组分含量及品质性状的相关性分析

对黑龙江省大豆种质资源的脂肪酸含量及其与品质性状的相关性进行分析,为科学地评价和利用大豆种质资源奠定基础.采用毛细管气相色谱法,对100个大豆品种(系)的脂肪酸组分进行了测定,并对各组分和品质性状间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:大豆中的脂肪酸含量高低顺序为:亚油酸>油酸>棕榈酸>亚麻酸>硬脂酸.不同大豆品种各脂肪酸含量均有一定的差异,其中硬脂酸的变异系数最大,为13.24%,亚油酸的变异系数最小,为4.57%.通过组分间的相关性分析表明,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸呈极显著负相关,棕榈酸与硬脂酸呈显著负相关,而亚油酸与亚麻酸呈显著正相关.蛋自质与油份呈极显著负相关.     

不同甘蓝型油菜种子脂肪酸的积累及药剂对其含量的影响

试验结果表明,高、中芥酸含量的油菜种子油酸含量,开花后25—30天达到最大量,此后迅速下降。芥酸含量随着油酸含量的下降而迅速增加。亚油酸和棕榈酸以及亚麻酸含量在种子形成初期最高,以后随着种子的发育而下降。双低品种的油酸含量,在种子形成过程中出现一个停滞期。不同药剂处理角果,对种子主要脂肪酸含量有一定影响。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.