甜菜套种胡麻高效丰产栽培技术

总结了甜菜套种胡麻高效丰产栽培技术,套种充分发挥了各自的生长优势,达到了甜菜胡麻双丰收。2014—2016年调查结果,套种甜菜产量与单种甜菜产量相当,平均增加胡麻产量3179kg/hm~2,收益比单种甜菜增加22421.3元/hm~2,是一项值得推广的农业增效、农民增收的高效栽培模式。     

谈辽宁省发展甜菜生产的主要措施及设想

辽宁省甜菜从１９５８年开始种植，面积由小到大，产量由低到高，技术水平对甜菜产量增加的贡献率逐年增加。到７０年代末，甜菜种植面积基本稳定在６６６７ｈｍ２。８０年代初甜菜生产发展较快，“六五”期间甜菜年平均播种面积在１．４万ｈｍ２，单产达到１８．２２ｔ／...     

灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响

为了明确膜下滴灌甜菜的需水规律,指导生产科学灌溉,开展灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响研究.结果表明灌水量对甜菜的叶片数影响不大但对甜菜的叶丛高度有明显影响,随着灌水量的增加叶丛高度也增高,在灌水量为360m3/667m2时甜菜叶丛最高.甜菜块根膨大和产质量受灌水量影响显著,在灌水量为120m3/667m2时甜菜的块根直径、根体长度、产量、含糖率及产糖量都处于较低水平,随着灌水量的增加,甜菜的块根大小、产量和含糖率都呈现出上升趋势,但当灌水量大于360m3/667m2时甜菜的产量略有减少,含糖率急剧下降.因此,在玛纳斯产区膜下滴灌甜菜灌水量控制在360m3/667m2左右较为合理.     

甜菜多功能专用肥配方筛选及经济效益最佳施用量研究

在甘肃省河西走廊的盐化潮土上,进行了甜菜多功能专用肥配方筛选及经济效益最佳施用量的研究。结果表明:甜菜多功能专用肥配方组合为:有机碳肥0.9375∶保水剂0.0025∶甜菜专用肥0.0563∶聚乙烯醇0.0037。甜菜多功能专用肥施用量(x)与甜菜块根产量(y)间的肥料效应回归方程为:y=72.79+1.843x-0.0217x2,经济效益最佳施用量为24.08t/hm~2,块根理论产量为104.60t/hm~2。施用甜菜多功能专用肥与传统化肥比较,甜菜叶丛高度、叶丛鲜重、根体长度、根直径、单根重和根产量分别增加6.52%、6.40%、6.42%、6.66%、5.00%和5.27%,施肥利润和肥料投资效率分别增加0.23万元/hm~2和0.42元/元。     

应用稀土微肥对甜菜的增产增糖作用

稀土微肥是近年应用于生产,由、镥、钛等七种有色金属组成的微量元素肥料。除作为营养供给作物吸收利用外,还能增加产量、提高甜菜含糖等作用。 为了提高甜菜产量、增加含糖量,1983、1984两年对甜菜进行了稀土微肥的应用试验,取得了良好的效果。平均增产10.15％、增糖1.29度,1984年推广面积54,800亩,为全县农民增收874,532.00元。     

根外施硼对甜菜叶片性能及块根工艺品质的影响

以甜菜品种‘H003’为材料,设置根外喷施0.5%硼酸处理(FB)及未施硼处理(CK),对甜菜叶片生长、光合性能和收获期甜菜块根工艺品质及工艺糖产量等进行测定,探析根外施硼对甜菜生长及块根品质的影响规律,为甜菜生产中硼素营养调控提供理论基础和实践指导。结果表明:根外施用硼肥能够增加甜菜叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度及叶面积,提高了叶片SPAD值和净光合速率,延长了功能叶片的持续期;施硼改善了甜菜块根品质参数,降低了块根灰分Na含量,降低幅度为15.00%;提高了POL、糖蜜糖和白糖含量,分别提高了0.53、0.03、0.51个百分点;施硼提高甜菜块根产量3.73%,提高生物糖、白糖产量及工艺糖产量分别为7.39%、7.34%和7.68%。综上,根外施硼可以促进甜菜叶片生长、提高甜菜叶片性能,改善块根工艺品质、提高块根糖产量,对甜菜生产指导具有重要的意义。     

农业微生态制剂对垄作甜菜块根产量及品质的影响

为明确土壤基施农业微生态制剂对垄作栽培甜菜产量及品质的影响,分别以基施化肥加农业微生态制剂37.5 kg/hm2和75 kg/hm2为处理1和处理2,以单施化肥为对照,在黑龙江3个试验地点进行了田间小区试验,为甜菜生产中科学施用微生态制剂提供理论依据。结果表明,施用农业微生态制剂能够提高甜菜苗期叶片SPAD值,3个地点均增加甜菜产量,增加幅度为5.39%~13.20%,不同地点含糖率增加幅度为0.06~0.29度,产糖量增加6.49%~13.04%。说明,农业微生态制剂在垄作栽培模式下,通过土壤基施对甜菜产量和品质提高具有促进作用,建议生产中化肥配合该微生态制剂使用。     

不同施肥水平对甜菜植物学性状及产质量的影响

【目的】为了研究不同施肥水平对甜菜植物学性状及产质量的影响,【方法】采用随机区组设计,设置0、300、600、900、1200、1500kg/hm~2慧尔专用肥6个处理,针对不同施肥时期和施肥量对甜菜叶丛高度、叶片数、叶绿素、叶面积、根围、根冠、干物质、产量、含糖率及单株重进行了测定。【结果】0~1500kg/hm~2这个范围内,甜菜块根产量、单株鲜重与施肥量呈显著正相关,施肥量在900kg/hm~2的处理时甜菜块根产量达到最大,随后开始下降,降幅较小。甜菜块根含糖率与施肥量呈显著负相关,随着施肥的增加含糖率呈现降低趋势,施肥量增加到1500kg/hm~2处理时,甜菜块根含糖率最低。【结论】综合产量和含糖率因素,不同施肥时期和施肥量对上述甜菜的植物学性状及经济学性状均有重要影响,慧尔专用肥的用量在900kg/hm~2左右较为合适。     

功能型盐渍土改良剂配方筛选及对甜菜经济效益的影响

以甜菜专用肥、盐渍土调控剂和生物有机碳肥为原料,进行了功能型盐渍土改良剂配方筛选及对甜菜经济效益影响的研究。结果表明:功能型盐渍土改良剂配方为:甜菜专用肥0.0586∶盐渍土调控剂0.0623∶生物有机碳肥0.8791。功能型盐渍土改良剂施用量与甜菜农艺性状及经济性状之间呈显著的正相关关系,功能型盐渍土改良剂施用量(x)与甜菜块根产量(y)间的回归方程是:y=61.56+0.9136x-0.0007x2,最佳施用量为39.64t/hm~2,甜菜块根理论产量为96.68t/hm~2。在盐渍土改良剂投入成本相等的条件下,施用功能型盐渍土改良剂与抗盐丰盐渍土改良剂和沃丰隆盐渍土改良剂比较,甜菜块根产量分别增加1.38t/hm~2和3.15t/hm~2;利润分别增加483.00元/hm~2和1102.50元/hm~2,投资效率分别增加0.04元/元和0.09元/元。     

甜菜机械化收获与土壤损失

调查研究表明,甜菜收获土壤损失的主要影响因素为土壤含水量和甜菜收获机,此外,还有土壤类型、甜菜根形、甜菜产量等20几种影响因素。土壤损失与收获季节降雨量亦即土壤含水量呈显著正相关,随着收获季节降雨量增加,甜菜机械化收获产生的土壤损失明显增加。土壤损失导致土壤营养物质流失,造成土壤肥力下降,引起土壤环境问题。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...