大豆种质资源RAPD标记遗传多样性研究

为深入研究并充分利用野生大豆资源,本文利用RAPD分子标记对40份大豆材料加以分析,旨在从DNA分子水平上探索野生大豆、地方品种和育成品种之间的遗传多样性状况。结果表明:50个RAPD引物筛选出具有多态性且扩增条带清晰的引物38个,共检测出407条带,其中多态谱带309条,多态性程度为75.92%。每个引物可扩增出2～14条多态性带,平均产生多态性谱带8.1条;平均多样性指数为2.3377,变幅范围为0.5865～4.2133。遗传相似系数变幅范围为0.44～0.92,平均为0.75。野生大豆的多态比例(94.35%)、多样性指数(2.2336)分别高于育成品种(87.47%、1.7331)和地方品种(83.54%、1.6198)。遗传相似系数为野生大豆(0.6498)地方品种(0.7015)育成品种(0.7177),育成品种与地方品种间为0.6599,育成品种与野生大豆间为0.6487,地方品种与野生大豆间为0.6045。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,40份大豆材料聚为6类,育成品种和地方品种各自聚为一类,野生大豆聚为4类。野生大豆特异等位基因数远远高于育成品种和地方品种二者的相加之和。本研究从分子水平上揭示了野生大豆与栽培大豆区别明显,宜作为一个独立的种,同时野生大豆变异幅度大,遗传基础广,是大豆育种实践中的优良基因资源。     

不同地区大麦种质资源农艺性状分析与评价

为了筛选综合性状优异的大麦种质并探究其主要农艺性状的遗传基础，以57份大麦种质资源为材料，对在张掖、兰州两地的57份大麦种质资源的株高、穗长、穗粒数、总分蘖数、有效分蘖数和千粒重等农艺性状进行鉴定，结果表明，两地区6个性状的平均变异系数为23.08%和26.19%，且张掖地区种植的大麦材料6个农艺性状均优于兰州。通过系统聚类，将参试的57份材料分别分为3个类群，第I类群分别为半矮秆型材料(张掖地区)和中高秆材料(兰州地区)，第II类群和第III类群均为中高秆材料。在主成分分析中，选取累计贡献率为80.072%和75.501%的前3个主成分来评价57份大麦资源。揭示了不同大麦资源的表型特异性。     

38份藜麦种质资源农艺性状与产量的关系分析

为了解藜麦种质资源在甘肃省陇中旱作区农艺性状和产量的关系,更高效的选育藜麦新品种,以38份藜麦种质资源为材料,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法对影响产量的主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明,藜麦产量与各个农艺性状的相关程度从高到低依次为冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高,全生育期与其余农艺性状均存在极显著相关性。冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高等5个农艺性状可以归为3个主成分因子,其累积贡献率为76.657%,同时在类间距离为17.5处,将所有种质资源可分为三大类群。     

茄子种质表型性状鉴定与黄萎病抗性评价

为科学评价茄子种质资源,选取有代表性的茄子种质材料135份,开展茄子表型性状鉴定和黄萎病抗性分析。结果表明,供试材料存在丰富的表型变异,21个表型性状变异系数变幅为15.71%~89.86%,平均为40.09%;遗传多样性指数变幅为0.322~2.135,平均为1.348。主成分分析将21个表型性状归结为6个主因子,即果形、色泽、果重、生长势、株型和果实商品性,6个主因子累计贡献率达72.84%。基于表型数据的聚类,在Pearson相关系数0.061处,将供试材料分为4组,即栽培茄+近缘野生茄、近缘野生茄、大果型栽培茄、紫色长条形栽培茄。黄萎病抗性试验鉴定出抗病(R)材料9份、中抗(MR)材料6份、耐病材料11份,占供试材料的19.26%;在抗性材料中,仅3份为栽培种,其余均为近缘野生茄。本研究结果为茄子优异种质的发掘和有效利用提供了理论参考。     

金针菇种质资源5个农艺性状与SSR标记的关联分析

金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)是一种重要的商业化栽培食用菌,为挖掘控制金针菇重要农艺性状的基因组区段,本研究以90份金针菇种质资源为实验材料,测定其原基期、菌柄直径、菌柄长度、菌盖直径和单瓶产量5个农艺性状,利用全基因组序列开发的95份多态简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记对供试材料进行基因组扫描,在分析实验材料的群体结构和连锁不平衡基础上,采用一般线性模型方法对5个农艺性状进行关联分析。结果表明,各供试材料的5个农艺性状均有极显著差异。95份多态SSR标记共检测到582个等位变异,平均每个位点的等位变异数为6.13个。标记多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)变化范围为0.204~0.818,平均为0.542。群体遗传结构分析将供试材料分为8个亚群体,群体内SSR位点间存在较高的连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD),不平衡程度D’值大于0.5的组合数占总组合数的33.01%。关联分析检测出28个标记与5个性状显著相关,其中原基期的关联标记有2个,菌柄直径的关联标记有12个,菌柄长度的关联标记有3个,菌盖直径的关联标记有9个,单瓶产量的关联标记有5个。关联SSR标记对表型变异解释率的变幅为5.11%~23.55%。研究表明,所选金针菇种质资源群体的遗传多样性以及连锁不平衡程度较高,适用于关联分析研究。本研究结果对金针菇核心种质资源库构建以及分子标记辅助育种具有参考价值。     

油用紫苏种质主要农艺性状及品质特征鉴定与评价

为筛选优异紫苏种质资源及优良育种亲本,提高紫苏育种效率,本研究以159份油用紫苏种质资源为试验材料,对不同紫苏种质11个主要农艺性状及5个关键品质特性进行了鉴定、变异分析、主成分及系统聚类分析等多元统计分析与评价。结果表明,供试紫苏种质主要农艺性状及品质特征的变异系数介于2.60%~35.42%之间,各种质间主要农艺性状及品质特性遗传变异丰富,类型广泛,选择利用的前景较好;主成分分析将主要农艺性状及品质特征聚为6个主成分,即分枝数因子、α-亚麻酸因子、油酸因子、生育期因子、千粒重因子和产量因子,总变异贡献率分别为40.943%、21.549%、12.332%、5.810%、4.486%和4.243%,累计贡献率为89.36%,可代表所考察性状的大部分信息;系统聚类将供试材料聚为五大类群,表明不同类群材料间各农艺性状及品质特征存在较明显的特异性;此外,本试验确定了主要农艺性状及品质特征划分标准,揭示了叶色、粒色等不同类型紫苏种质在产量、α-亚麻酸含量等关键指标上的差异性规律,评价筛选的高产及特异性明显的优异种质。本研究结果为生产中应用优异基因资源及改良育种亲本提供了一定的理论依据。     

玉米种质资源观测筛选试验

为有效保护和高效利用玉米种质资源,通过对25份玉米种质资源的生育期、经济性状、农艺性状的观测鉴定,筛选出综合性状表现好的8份玉米种质资源。其中,B1B1、P74生育期较早,脱水快,可以做中早熟品种选育的基础材料;1CPS、P32、18♀、7♀的生育期为中晚熟,植株株型好,果穗性状优良,适宜做中晚熟玉米品种选育的基础材料; TS-1、TS-3的生育期偏晚,叶片数多、叶片宽大,鲜果穗重,适合做饲用玉米品种选育的基础材料。     

大麦遗传多样性及SSR标记与大麦条纹病抗性关联分析

为了解大麦(Horeumvulgare)亲本材料遗传多样性,筛选与大麦条纹病性状相关联的SSR标记,利用100对多态性SSR引物对86个大麦品种进行分析,共检测出269个等位变异,平均每对引物为2.69个,变幅为2～5;等位基因频率为0.012～0.988; Shannon指数为0.064～1.385;遗传相似系数为0.547～0.955;多态性信息含量(polymorphic information content,PIC)为0.023～0.737,平均为0.357.群体遗传结构分析表明,供试大麦亲本材料可分为5个亚群.根据一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)分析,共5个标记与大麦条纹病抗性性状关联,解释率在6.20％～11.15％之间,其中TACMD和MGB317达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),解释率分别为9.24％和9.45％;根据混合线性模型(mixed linear model,MLM)分析,发现3个与大麦条纹病抗性相关的标记,解释率在4.57％～17.63％之间,标记HVM54达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),解释率为17.63％.本研究为大麦条纹病抗病育种提供了一定理论依据.     

大豆抗旱种质资源筛选及利用

为筛选大豆抗旱种质资源,2016年对246份征集自不同省份的大豆种质资源在年降水量不足40 mm的敦煌市设置田间自然抗旱鉴定试验,利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价大豆种质资源抗旱性。结果显示,干旱胁迫严重影响了大豆的生长发育,显著降低了农艺性状等指标。通过相关性分析,株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株生物量等6个性状指标与平均抗旱系数和加权抗旱系数呈极显著正相关。利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价筛选出69份强抗旱大豆种质资源,其中甘肃省的5份材料均属于抗旱类型。     

甘蓝型油菜EMS诱变二代农艺与籽粒品质性状的变异与TILLING库的构建

利用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）溶液处理甘蓝型油菜双低品种浙双72种子,经田间M1代观察和M2代筛选及部分M3代验证,筛选到叶色、叶形、株高、茎色、花色、花瓣（数目与颜色）、雄性不育及开花期等性状发生明显变异的M2突变株。经统计,突变株占M2群体植株总数的8.46％。对M3种子的主要脂肪酸组分之间以及脂肪酸组分与种子含油量进行了相关与回归分析,同时详尽描述各种脂肪酸组分和含油量的变异幅度与变异分布,构建了包括主要农艺性状、雄性不育及籽粒品质性状变异的突变体库,提取了2558份包含突变性状的M2植株叶片的DNA。该诱变二代DNA库及其相应的突变体种质资源为进一步深入研究控制油菜农艺性状、育性与籽粒品质性状的主效基因的等位多态性打下基础,并可为油菜品种的遗传改良提供许多特异的育种材料。     

Genetic variation and genetic advance in cowpea based on yield and yield-related traits

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine phenotypic variation for yield and yield-related traits among cowpea genotypes and select best candidate genotypes for breeding. Hundred cowpea genotypes were evaluated across two environments using an alpha lattice design with two replications. The pooled data were subjected to analysis of variance, correlation and principal component analyses (PCA). Significant differences were observed among cowpea genotypes for assessed traits. PCA revealed three principal components contributing to 77.75% of the total variation. Grain yield was significantly correlated with most of the traits. The genotypic coefficient of variation was relatively higher, whereas the phenotypic coefficient of variation values were moderate for branch number, seed number per pod, and high for seed number per plant and pod weight per plant. Heritability and genetic advance values respectively ranged from 37.27% to 97.2% and 73.3% to 2242.6% for the studied traits. High direct path coefficient value of 0.71 for pod weight per plant with highly significant correlation with grain yield was observed. The study identified cowpea genotypes such as Glenda RV 465, RV 574, RV 115, RV 28, RV 419, RV 28, RV 419, RV 213, RV 550, RV 470, RV 111, RV 315 and RV 550 with better responses for yield and yield-related traits.     

Agronomic evaluation and identification of potential cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) genotypes in South Africa

Cultivar development of cowpea with increased grain yield depends on evaluation and selection of genetically unique and complementary breeding lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate cowpea collections using agronomic traits to select promising parents to develop breeding population. Twenty-two cowpea genotypes were field evaluated using a randomised complete block design with three replications in two locations in South Africa. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic (G) and locations (L) differences for all agronomic traits evaluated. Significant differences were also observed for most of the traits due to G X L, G X Year (Y), L X Y and G X L X Y interactions effects. The genotypes tested at two locations showed considerable genetic variation for the following agronomic traits that varied for number of leaves (NL) (20.08–179.78), leaf length (LL) (12.36–67.72 cm), leaf width (LW) (4.78–22.02 cm), number of branches (NB) (6.81–13.85), number of pods per plant (NPPP) (14.33–54.04), number of seeds per pod (NSPP) (11.7286.28), pod diameter (PD) (5.75–22.73 mm), plant height (PH) (6.57–233.71 cm), pod length (PL) (3.94–100.92 mm), hundred seed weight (HSWt) (8.11–49.52 g) and grain yield (GY) (0.10-1.48 t ha^?1). Grain yield was significant and positively correlated with all of the traits except leaf length. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified four principal components (PCs) contributing to 73.62% of the total explained variation amongst the tested genotypes. The selected cowpea genotypes for most of agronomic characteristics are useful and candidate genetic resources for the development of breeding population in cowpea breeding and enhanced production and productivity for food and nutrition in the country.     

重庆地区生态条件下的油菜产量与农艺性状相关性分析

根据2009-2011年重庆市23个油菜品种区试的试验数据,利用SPSS统计分析软件,分析油菜产量与主要农艺性状之间的相关性。结果表明：油菜主要农艺性状对产量的作用大小依次为全株角果数〉株高〉每果粒数〉千粒重〉一次有效分枝数〉一次有效分枝高度;全株角果数和株高均与单株产量呈极显著正相关;株高和全株角果数之间呈极显著正相关;全株角果数和株高高效地控制着油菜生产力。     

不同类型大豆花荚期抗旱性形态指标及其综合评价

利用相关、主成分、聚类和判别分析,对野生、半野生大豆和栽培品种抗旱相关的形态指标与抗旱性的关系进行比较研究。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,株高、株重、分枝数、株荚数、株粒数、百粒重、单株产量均有不同程度的降低,而叶片黄化脱落节位有所增加,且不同基因型存在差异;在干旱胁迫下抗旱系数与株高、株重呈显著正相关,与叶片黄化脱落节位呈显著负相关;主成分分析中的3个主成分,方差累积贡献率达88.38%;在聚类的基础上用判别分析确立了相对株高、叶片黄化脱落节位、背面茸毛密度、相对百粒重和抗旱系数5个对品种抗旱性分类有显著影响的指标,根据这些指标将供试15份大豆种质划分为高抗、抗、敏感、高度敏感4个类型;供试的野生、半野生大豆材料均划分在高抗旱类型中。优良的耐旱性种质和鉴定指标的发掘,为培育耐旱大豆新品种提供了必要的保证。     

不同钾处理下小麦重组自交系群体主要农艺性状的表型变异及其相关分析

以"山农483×川35050"组合衍生的小麦重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体的131个株系及其亲本为试验材料,于2008年和2009年采用盆栽土培法,对低、中、高钾处理条件下[0、0.1 g(K2O).kg 1、0.3 g(K2O).kg 1]小麦RIL群体的株高、单株穗数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽和单株籽粒产量共9个农艺性状进行了鉴定和统计分析。结果表明,在2008—2009年3个钾处理中,9个农艺性状在RIL群体中的表型变异均呈近似正态分布,其遗传力分别为80.6%(株高)、44.7%(单株穗数)、69.9%(穗长)、71.4%(小穗数)、76.0%(穗粒数)、74.8%(千粒重)、64.9%(粒长)、40.0%(粒宽)和33.2%(单株籽粒产量)。株高、小穗数、穗粒数和粒长4个性状的表型变异以基因型控制为主,千粒重和粒宽以基因型×年份互作效应为主,穗长以基因型和基因型×年份互作效应为主,单株穗数以基因型×钾水平互作效应为主,单株籽粒产量的表型变异则主要受基因型×年份×钾水平互作效应控制。在不同钾处理条件下,RIL群体的平均单株籽粒产量与单株穗数、穗长和穗粒数呈极显著或显著正相关,但与千粒重的关系不稳定。千粒重与穗粒数、单株穗数无关或显著负相关(r为0.07~0.28);穗粒数与单株穗数的关系不稳定(r为0.03~0.27)。千粒重、穗粒数和单株穗数在遗传过程中的相关系数较低,彼此具有较强的相对独立性,不存在绝对的顾此失彼现象。单株籽粒产量与小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长和粒宽间的相关系数受年份间环境差异的影响较大。     

Phenotypic diversity in the pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis>) core collection

The pigeonpea core collection developed at ICRISAT genebank consists of 1,290 accessions from 53 countries. The core collection, which includes selected lines in extra early, early, medium and late maturity groups was evaluated for 18 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters during the 2004 rainy season, to assess the phenotypic diversity and determine the relative importance of different characters in evaluating pigeonpea germplasm accessions. The four maturity groups differed significantly for all characters under study. The medium maturity group showed significantly higher mean number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches, number of racemes, pod bearing length, pods per plant, shelling percent and plot seed yield. Late maturity group showed significantly higher mean for leaf size, plant height, pod length, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, indicating this group as a good source of vegetable pigeonpea. Significant positive correlations were found between number of secondary branches and pods per plant in extra early group (r = 0.756), late maturity group (r = 0.776) and entire core (r = 0.728) and between number of racemes and pods per plant in all maturity groups and entire core. Principal coordinate and principal component analysis showed that seven qualitative and nine quantitative traits were important in explaining multivariate polymorphism. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′) varied for different maturity groups and traits. Phenotypic diversity, averaged over all the 16 characters, increases from extra early group (0.36 ± 0.04) to late maturity group (0.42 ± 0.04) suggesting that medium and late maturity groups have greater diversity compared to extra early and early maturity groups.     

蚕豆6×6双列杂交子代主要性状的遗传效应分析

为提高蚕豆优势组合的选配效率,以6个蚕豆材料(P1~P6)为亲本,采用Griffing完全双列杂交配制30个组合,分析亲本和F₁的9个主要农艺性状的杂种优势、配合力和遗传力。结果表明,蚕豆产量相关农艺性状的杂种优势明显,分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量的超亲优势为正值,株高、始荚高和主茎节数的超亲优势为负值。配合力效应分析表明,P1和P2为选育大粒高产的优良亲本,P1×P2和P4×P6符合高产的育种目标,P2×P5和P2×P6符合大粒的育种目标;遗传力分析表明,百粒重、每荚粒数和单株粒数的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高,可以相对稳定地遗传给后代,且这3个性状主要受加性效应控制,适宜进行早代选择,其他性状主要受非加性效应影响;主要性状与单株产量的相关分析表明,蚕豆育种应将单株荚数和单株粒数作为重点目标;通径分析表明,在育种过程中应重点关注分枝数、株高、百粒重、每荚粒数等农艺性状。本研究为蚕豆育种进程中的亲本选配和后代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

Evaluation of yield and agronomic traits and their genetic variation in 488 global collections of Brassica napus L.

It is important to evaluate yield and agronomic traits when selecting for elite lines in Brassica napus L. In this study, 488 global collections of B. napus L. were evaluated for yield and agronomic traits during two consecutive years under growing conditions in central China. A series of phenotypic data for yield and agronomic traits were obtained. Large variations in yield and agronomic traits were found among these accessions, making selection possible for these characters. Chinese accessions, in general, tended to have higher plot yield (POY), higher seed yield per plant (PY), higher thousand-seed weight (TSW), more seeds per silique (SS), and fewer siliques per plant (PS) than foreign accessions. Comparing winter, semi-winter, and spring accessions, semi-winter accessions tended to have the highest POY, highest PY, highest TSW, most SS and fewest PS. Genotypic variation for TSW accounted for 71.23 % of the total variation, and it was the highest for all 12 of the phenotypic traits. Significant correlations were observed between different traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that significant variation among the traits with the first four principal components could explain 49.8 % of the total variation. Three major groups (winter, spring and semi-winter oilseed rape accessions) could be distinguished when projecting the accessions onto the first two PCAs. The information on variations in yield and agronomic traits detected in this study provided useful parents for rapeseed breeding. Moreover, the phenotypic data on yield and agronomic traits obtained may be used in our subsequent genome-wide association studies for B. napus.     

基因型影响磷镁互作下大豆生长及根瘤和菌根性状

  【目的】  明确施加镁肥在不同磷处理的土壤上对不同基因型大豆生长及根瘤和菌根性状的影响。  【方法】  田间试验采用三因素试验设计,设置施P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm2 (P40)和100 kg/hm2 (P100)两个水平,施MgO 0 kg/hm2 (Mg0)和75 kg/hm2 (Mg75)两个水平,磷高效基因型粤春03-3 (YC03-3)和磷低效基因型本地2号(BD2)两个大豆基因型。测定了大豆植株干重、单株结荚数、根系性状、根瘤性状、菌根侵染率以及植株氮、磷、镁含量。  【结果】  P100处理显著增加了两个大豆基因型的植株干重、单株结荚数、总根长、根表面积和体积以及植株氮、磷、镁积累量。施用镁肥,YC03-3在P40和P100处理下植株干重、单株结荚数、植株氮和镁积累量均显著增加,在P100条件下植株磷积累量以及根表面积、根体积、根平均直径显著增加;BD2在P40和P100处理下植株镁积累量显著增加,P40条件下植株氮积累量显著增加。磷和镁处理显著影响大豆与有益微生物的共生。P40条件下,两个大豆基因型的根瘤数和根瘤干重在Mg0和Mg75处理间无显著差异;P100条件下Mg75处理BD2和YC03-3的根瘤数分别较Mg0处理增加了135%和178%,根瘤干重分别增加了308%和197%。Mg0条件下P40处理YC03-3的菌根侵染率较P100增加了31.6%;Mg75条件下P40处理的BD2菌根侵染率较P100增加了15.0%。P40条件下,Mg75提高了BD2菌根侵染率16.3%;P100条件下,Mg75提高了YC03-3菌根侵染率32.1%。主成分分析发现,P100条件下,Mg0与Mg75处理之间差异显著,而P40条件下镁处理之间差异不明显。  【结论】  增施磷肥显著促进了两个大豆基因型的生长,改善了植株氮、磷、镁养分状况。增施镁肥可增加磷高效大豆基因型YC03-3的地上部和根部干重、单株结荚数、植株氮积累量,对磷低效型基因BD2没有显著作用。YC03-3的根瘤密度对施磷和施镁响应较BD2显著。BD2的菌根侵染率在低磷条件下对施镁的反应敏感,而YC03-3的菌根侵染率在P100条件下对施镁反应敏感。由此可见,磷和镁养分之间的互作效应受到大豆基因型的影响。