谷子两系杂交组合的杂种优势及亲本配合力分析

为了解谷子两系杂种优势的亲本配合力遗传基础,本研究利用5个不育系和8个恢复系按NCII不完全双列杂交组配40份(5×8)杂种F₁,对11个谷子主要农艺性状的杂种优势及配合力进行分析。结果表明,谷子两系杂交组合在穗长、穗粗、千粒重、分蘖性、单穗重、单穗粒重和产量7个性状中存在广泛的超亲优势,但除千粒重外,其余性状的显著超亲组合数较少。杂交组合的单穗重和单穗粒重与产量极显著相关,且相关系数较高。对优异亲本进行筛选发现,A2和R3为一般配合力(GCA)较好亲本,A1、A2为GCA产量效应优异亲本,A1×R3、A2×R8、A3×R5、A3×R7和A5×R1为产量特殊配合力(SCA)效应较优组合。对产量强优势组合的配合力进行分析,发现优异的两系杂交组合中包含至少1个GCA较高的亲本或拥有较高的SCA。本研究结果为谷子优异两系杂交组合的亲本选配提供了一定的理论依据。     

二十个玉米自交系穗部性状配合力及相关性分析

采用NCⅡ设计,对玉米9个母本与11个父本组配的99个杂交组合进行穗部性状配合力分析和性状之间的相关性分析。结果:玉米产量一般配合力效应值以F6最高,F7、M3、M4、M8次之,这些材料具有较大的育种利用潜势;特殊配合力效应值最高的组合是M3×F10。穗部性状遗传力分析表明,穗粗、穗行数、出籽率的狭义遗传力较高,且加性效应占主导地位,可早代进行选择;其余性状的狭义遗传力偏低,宜晚代进行选择。相关性分析表明,穗长、行粒数、穗粗、穗行数、百粒质量及出籽率均与单株产量呈极显著正相关,以行粒数的作用最大;秃尖长与单株产量呈显著负相关。因此,在选育高产玉米品种时,应注重对行粒数的筛选,同时注意秃尖较短的选系。     

大麦早熟突变系高产基因型特征

运用通径分析和逐步回归相结合的统计方法 ,研究迟熟品种苏农 90 5 2的 3 6个早熟突变系的 8个农艺性状之间的遗传相关和各自的遗传参数 ,以及高产基因型特征。结果表明 :1 生育期较亲本提早的幅度为 2～ 1 3d,产量性状的突变范围较大 ;2 生育期与每穗粒数呈极显著遗传相关 ;3 影响单株产量的因子 ,按直接作用大小排列为 :单株有效穗 >千粒重 >每穗总粒数 >结实率 ,即早熟突变系高产基因型特征首先是多穗 ,其次是大粒 ,早熟高产品种的选育必须采取两高 (穗数、粒重 )一低 (粒数 )育种策略 ;4 早熟突变系的千粒重和生育期有较高的广义遗传力 ,单株有效穗和单株产量广义遗传力较小 ,遗传变异系数和遗传进度较大     

大豆引种筛选鉴定研究

对来自各省的14个大豆品种进行了产量比较试验和农艺性状的鉴定,并对与产量相关的因素进行了相关分析,结果表明:‘贡2009-2’、‘489-1’、‘中黄39’、‘浙0305-3’、‘浙H0322-1’和‘南06-44’的丰产性极显著优于对照,生育期适中,农艺性状好,适合在重庆地区春播;相关分析表明,单株粒重与产量极显著相关,百粒重、单株荚数和单株粒数与产量相关密切,可通过增加单株粒重和百粒重来提高大豆产量。     

宽柄芥(酸菜)不育系与父本系主要农艺性状配合力及遗传参数分析

选用3个自育宽柄芥不育系和4个父本系(自交系),采用NCⅡ(不完全双列杂交)设计的原理和方法,分析了宽柄芥杂交亲本及组合主要农艺性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力及遗传参数。结果表明:F1代柄肋鲜重、开展度、单株鲜重、产量、株高的特殊配合力高于一般配合力,说明大多数农艺性状受非加性效应影响;各农艺性状广义遗传力大于狭义遗传力,表明这些性状主要由非加性基因控制,受环境影响大;不育系K46A和DJA除个别性状外10个性状GCA均呈正向效应,是有利用价值的亲本。不育系K6A及父本系K42、DJK、SGK、HK部分性状的GCA呈正向效应,部分呈负向效应,可根据育种目标有针对性地选用;"K6A×K42""DJA×HK""K46A×SGK"组合具有很强的杂种优势和增产潜力,在实际生产中应加强利用。     

钴—60Υ射线对大豆主要农艺性状遗传效应的初步研究

利用辐射进行人工引变,培育农作物优良品种的研究表明,辐射引变,常常具有变异性状稳定早,缩短育种年限的特点,是作物育种不可忽视的手段之一。1983年初,我们利用钴—60Υ射线照射大豆风干种子,并对其后代主要农艺性状辐射遗传效应进行了研究,旨在探索钴—60Υ射线对生育期、株高、茎粗、单株有效荚、单株粒数、百粒重等性状在M_2、M_3世代的辐射遗传效应,找出其遗传变异规律,应用于育种实践。     

陆地棉优质新种质主要经济性状配合力分析

两个陆地棉型优质新种质— 95 42 2系和 95 1 78系同鲁棉 1 4号、中棉所 1 6号和Acala4 42共 5个亲本配成 5× 5 =2 5个杂交组合 ,按Criffing方法 1、模式Ⅰ设计分析了F1 纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值、皮棉产量、衣分率、单株铃数、单铃重和籽指共 8个主要经济性状的配合力、遗传力。经分析 ,3个纤维品质性状的遗传主要受加性效应控制。纤维长度的加性效应远比非加性效应的作用重要 ,并估算出较高的广义遗传力 (94 8% )。加性效应为控制马克隆值遗传最主要的成份 ,非加性效应虽占比重小 ,但特殊配合力仍达极显著水平 ,马克隆值的广义遗传力较高 (84 1 5 % )。纤维强度为加性效应所控制 ,非加性效应作用微小。 5个产量性状的广义遗传力中等偏下 ,其中以皮棉产量最高 (6 5 31 % ) ,一般配合力和特殊配合力效应方差均达到极显著水平     

玉米/大豆带田大豆密度对其农艺性状及产量的影响

选用3个不同类型大豆品种,在玉米大豆带状套作模式下研究了大豆种植密度对其田间主要农艺性状及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,大豆株高、底荚高度趋于升高,有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数与单株粒重趋于下降,播种密度对荚粒数、百粒重无明显影响。套作大豆产量与种植密度呈二次抛物线变化趋势。在该套作模式下,晋豆19、中黄30、晋豆23的最佳种植密度分别为21.7万株/hm2、22.3万株/hm2、17.9万株/hm2。     

白桦幼苗株高和地径的遗传效应分析

采用P(P -1)/2 完全双列杂交设计对6 个白桦优良个体生长性状进行一般配合力( GCA) 和特殊配合力(SCA) 分析,结果表明：2个性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制。同一亲本不同性状的一般配合力差异较大,同一性状在不同亲本间的一般配合力差异也比较大,在6个亲本中Q2 是最好的亲本,M2次之。同一性状不同组合和同一组合各性状的SCA 效应值均有较大差异,试验中苗高地径的特殊配合力最高的是8×Q1,苗高地径两个性状的一般配合力均高于特殊配合力,苗高地径的遗传力属于高强度遗传力,可以进行早期选择。     

低钾胁迫对不同基因型大豆生长发育的影响

盆栽条件下,通过低钾和施钾两个处理,研究低钾胁迫对不同基因型大豆生长发育的影响。结果表明:在低钾胁迫下,不同基因型大豆的株高、茎粗、分枝数和植株干重均减少,T40的株高和植株干重减少的最小,仅减少1.1%和3.4%;低钾还造成不同基因型大豆主茎节数增加,增加最多的是九农22。在低钾胁迫下,耐低钾品种T40单株荚数增加9%,每荚粒数降低10%,单株粒数降低2%,百粒重降低10%;不耐低钾的大豆品种GD8521单株荚数降低18%,每荚粒数降低10%,单株粒数降低26%,百粒重降低16%。由于产量性状的互作,耐低钾的大豆品种产量保持稳定。     

Patterns of diversity in pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis> (L.) Millsp.) germplasm collected from different elevations in Kenya

Pigeonpea germplasm accessions collected from low (<500 m), medium (501–1000 m), high (1001–1500 m) and very high elevation zones (>1500 m) of Kenya were evaluated for 15 agronomic traits and seed protein content at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) among elevation zones for the number of primary and secondary branches, days to 75% maturity, pod length, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Mean values indicated that the accessions from low elevation zone were significantly different from those collected in higher elevation zones for early flowering and maturity, number of primary branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. None of the accessions collected in Kenya belonged to extra early (<80 days to 50% flowering) and early (80–100 days to 50% flowering) maturity groups, as defined by time to flowering at Patancheru, India. Mean diversity index based on all characters indicated that accessions from the low elevation zone are more diverse than those from the higher elevation zones. Frequency distribution for trait extremes indicated that the accessions from the low elevation zone were early to flower and mature, short statured, produced more primary and secondary branches with high pod bearing length, long pods, more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, a high seed yield and harvest index. Accessions from the very high elevation zone were late flowering, with a large number of tertiary branches, large seeds and a high shelling percentage and could be a source for cold tolerance and the breeding of vegetable types. Results suggest that the elevation of collection sites is therefore a very important determinant of variation patterns of pigeonpea in Kenya.     

Collection, evaluation and classification of Greek populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Fifty-five Greek Vicia faba L. populations, collected from diverse areas, were planted at two dry and low fertility sites for evaluation and classification. Yield evaluation, which was carried out by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the basis of seven yield traits, showed the number of pods per plant, number of ovules and seeds per pod, and branching from the basal nodes to be the most important traits for population evaluation regarding yield. For population classification, four dissimilarity coefficients (Manhattan, Average Taxonomic Distance, Euclidean distance and squared Euclidean distance) and four multivariate methods (PCA, UPGMA, Neighbor-joining and Principal Coordinate Analysis) were evaluated using fifteen morphological and seven yield traits. Neighbor-joining was chosen as the most suitable multivariate method. This method combined with PCA for the seven yield traits, placed the populations into six groups. As revealed by the application of PCA on all twenty-two traits the grouping was based mainly on pod characteristics, stem thickness, plant height, 1000 seed weight and branching from basal nodes. Based on the results of the present study, a model is proposed for conserving cross-pollinated species, such as faba bean.     

Management of Vicia faba genetic resources: changes associated to the selfing process in the major, equina and minor groups

Conserving Vicia faba germplasm as a pure line collection requires reliable information of the selfing process. Previous knowledge about the effects of selfing was elaborated on the context of new data. In our study we increased the number of entries, 95 entries from the major, equina and minor groups were studied. The selfing process has been quantified by means of univariate as well as multivariate techniques. Effects of selfing on floral, yield and yield distribution traits were investigated by comparing two levels of selfing in open pollination conditions and in cages to exclude insects. Univariate analysis shows that selfing process results in plants with lower seeds per plant, seeds and ovules per pod and pod length. As selfing progressed there was change in yield distribution traits, the number of the lowest pod bearing node, the number of nodes between the first flower and the first pod increase and the number of nodes with pods decreases. Multivariate analysis indicates that: a) self-pollination profoundly influences plants performance and the three levels of selfing studied are clearly different; b) There is continuum pattern of change from one level of selfing to the another; c) The main characteristics that contributed to the separation among the levels of selfing varies with the botanical group. d) There was no significant contribution to the discrimination among levels of selfing of number of seeds per plant in the major group. Our results are relevant to the management of faba bean germplasm collections and enhance the formulation of integrated strategies of faba bean germplasm multiplication.     

甘蓝型油菜EMS诱变后代农艺性状观察及分子检测

利用不同浓度甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液处理甘蓝型油菜常规品种川油20和渝黄1号选系种子,结果表明:EMS对成苗率的抑制作用随着浓度的增加而增强,浓度1.0%为半致死量。M1中出现叶片卷曲、皱缩、黄化、双茎、扁茎和植株矮化等变异性状;M2中筛选到双茎、长角、多分枝等变异性状。对M2长角果等产量性状变异株进行考察,结果表明变异株角果长度(果身和果喙)高于对照,有效分枝数、有效角果、角果粒数和千粒重高于对照,一次分枝高度低于对照。对变异株进行SSR分析表明,变异株与对照在电泳条带上表现出多态性,进一步证明了变异的真实性。     

寒地野生大豆资源农艺性状的相关性和主成分分析

评价和筛选优异野生大豆农艺性状可为大豆育种提供种质资源.本研究对204份寒地野生大豆资源9个农艺性状进行主成分分析,结果表明:农艺性状变异系数的变幅为14.0％ ～71.4％,多样性指数的变幅为1.46～2.06;筛选出27份特异材料,有8份材料聚集了2个以上特异性状;单株粒重与其它的性状(无效荚数除外)之间均存在显著...     

Variation among Spanish faba beans cultivars: taxonomic and evolutionary implications

Summary Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to examine phenotypic variability within a Spanish faba bean germplasm collection maintained at the Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Córdoba, Spain.The analysis of 158 Spanish faba bean accessions and 12 quantitative traits indicated highly significant differences among botanical groups for 8 characters and among geographic regions for 10 characters. An east to west clinal pattern of variation for some characters was detected.In order to identify the main characters which account for the major variation, the same collection was subjected to principal component analysis for 12 quantitative traits. Reproductive and plant height characters appeared to be the major sources of diversity.To determine the importance of both geographic and botanical variation among the Spanish cultivars, discriminant analysis was applied. According to these analyses, plant height, height of the lowest pod-bearing node, pod length and 100 seed weight, were important traits discriminating among different geographic regions. The main character discriminating among botanical groups was the 100 seed weight.Our results fit in a pattern in which both agroecological and anthropological causes could have played a role in the observed variation. This analysis can help plant breeders in choosing the most favorable accessions in plant breeding.     

Phenotypic diversity in the pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis>) core collection

The pigeonpea core collection developed at ICRISAT genebank consists of 1,290 accessions from 53 countries. The core collection, which includes selected lines in extra early, early, medium and late maturity groups was evaluated for 18 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters during the 2004 rainy season, to assess the phenotypic diversity and determine the relative importance of different characters in evaluating pigeonpea germplasm accessions. The four maturity groups differed significantly for all characters under study. The medium maturity group showed significantly higher mean number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches, number of racemes, pod bearing length, pods per plant, shelling percent and plot seed yield. Late maturity group showed significantly higher mean for leaf size, plant height, pod length, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, indicating this group as a good source of vegetable pigeonpea. Significant positive correlations were found between number of secondary branches and pods per plant in extra early group (r = 0.756), late maturity group (r = 0.776) and entire core (r = 0.728) and between number of racemes and pods per plant in all maturity groups and entire core. Principal coordinate and principal component analysis showed that seven qualitative and nine quantitative traits were important in explaining multivariate polymorphism. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′) varied for different maturity groups and traits. Phenotypic diversity, averaged over all the 16 characters, increases from extra early group (0.36 ± 0.04) to late maturity group (0.42 ± 0.04) suggesting that medium and late maturity groups have greater diversity compared to extra early and early maturity groups.     

切花菊茎秆性状的生长动态与遗传分析

为明确切花菊茎秆性状在不同遗传背景下的生长动态和遗传特性,本研究以亲本茎秆性状差异较大的寒小白×蒙娜丽莎白(MH)和亲本茎秆性状差异较小的QX097×蒙娜丽莎白(MQ)两个杂交F₁群体为试验材料,调查了定植后15、30、45、60、70 d时的株高、茎粗和节间数,比较分析切花菊茎秆性状的生长动态、杂种优势和主基因效应。结果表明,两个组合的茎秆性状生长动态基本一致,与亲本性状的差异程度关系不大。其中,株高和茎粗总体符合S型生长曲线,而节间数的生长曲线不明显;各茎秆性状的相对生长速率在定植后45 d前均较快。MQ组合株高、茎粗和节间数等茎秆性状的平均值在大部分测定时期均高于MH组合;而MH组合株高和定植45 d后节间数的变异系数都高于MQ组合,但是在茎粗性状上没有明显规律性。各茎秆性状的中亲优势率在MH组合中多表现为正值,而在MQ组合中,除了定植后15 d时茎粗的中亲优势率为正值,其他各时期茎秆性状的中亲优势率均表现为负值。主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析在MH组合的株高和MQ组合的茎粗上检测到2对加性主基因效应,主基因遗传力分别为97.12%和9.33%,而在其他组合或茎秆性状上未检测到主基因效应。本研究结果为菊花营养生长期栽培调控和茎秆性状的遗传改良提供了参考依据。     

陇中半干旱区小豆新品系引种鉴定试验

为了鉴定筛选出适宜陇中半干旱区种植的高产抗病小豆新品系。以京农6号为对照品种,对引自中国农业科学院作物科学研究所的7个小豆新品系的生育时期、农艺性状、籽粒产量、抗逆性和抗病性等进行试验观察。结果表明,参试品系生长习性均为直立型,生育期122～129 d;均为中晚熟品系;田间抗旱性、抗倒伏性强,高抗白粉病,中抗病毒病和叶斑病。其中ZKS小豆7株高85 cm、主茎分枝数4.6个、主茎节数14.2个、单株荚数61.7个、荚长17.7 cm、荚粒数9.8个、百粒重19.5 g,折合平均产量3 533.33 kg/hm2,较对照品种京农6号增产6.53%,田间抗旱性、抗倒伏性强,高抗白粉病、病毒病、叶斑病、适应性好。ZKS小豆4株高80 cm、主茎分枝数4.4个、主茎节数13.8个、单株荚数58.8个、荚长16.9 cm、荚粒数9.3个、百粒重18.3 g,折合平均产量 3 400.00 kg/ hm2,较对照品种京农6号增产2.51%,抗旱性、抗倒伏性强,高抗白粉病、叶斑病,中抗病毒病,适应性较好。ZKS小豆7和ZKS小豆4可以在陇中半干旱地区进一步推广种植。