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抗菌肽是生物防御系统产生的一类对抗外源性病原体的肽类物质。由于抗菌肽具有普通抗生素所不具有的一系列优点,抗菌肽的研究已经成了现代学术和应用研究的一个热点。简要介绍了抗菌肽的发现过程,并对抗菌肽的结构、分类、来源、抗菌活性等方面的研究进展及在养猪生产中的应用进行了综述。 相似文献
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动物源抗菌肽的研究现状和展望 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
动物源抗菌肽是机体先天免疫系统的重要效应分子,因其具有广谱高效抗菌活性、细胞选择性及不易产生耐药性等特点,一直被人们认为是抗生素的理想替代品.此外,由于动物体自身分泌的抗菌肽远未达到抑制细菌所需浓度,因此其生物学功能不仅局限于抗菌活性.大量研究表明,抗菌肽不仅具有抗细菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、抗肿瘤等效果,在体内还表现出抗炎症反应、招募免疫细胞、促进上皮损伤修复、促进细胞吞噬细菌等重要作用.然而抗菌肽在一些方面的研究尚不透彻或存在争议,如抗菌肽是否存在耐药性以及通过重组表达技术生产的抗菌肽是否能安全有效地应用.关于抗菌肽的一些生物学功能与分子机制还有待系统深入的研究,如抗菌肽的构效关系、抗菌肽对益生菌的影响、抗菌肽与抗生素的互作效应、抗菌肽的稳定性及其吸收与代谢情况、营养物质调控内源抗菌肽的表达等.因此本文旨在从动物源抗菌肽的生物学功能、作用机制、稳定性与吸收、表达规律与营养调控、分子改良以及重组表达6个方面进行综述,为研发新型、高效、环保型抗生素替代品提供重要信息和策略. 相似文献
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抗菌肽因广谱抗菌性、热稳定性、不易产生耐药性等优点成为极具潜力的抗生素替代物。然而,天然抗菌肽活性差、毒性高、合成成本昂贵等问题限制了其进一步应用。近年来,天然抗菌肽的分子改造与设计成为国内外学者的研究热点。鱼类是天然抗菌肽的重要来源,本文综述了近年来鱼源抗菌肽的作用机制、分子设计与优化策略和在水产养殖中的应用,旨在提供对鱼源抗菌肽的全面了解和认识,为鱼源抗菌肽的开发和应用提供新思路。 相似文献
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抗菌肽的抗菌机理及其应用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
近10年来,随着动物及微生物抗菌肽理论与应用研究的逐渐深入,先后有Magainin(Bevins,等,1990),Nisin和Cecropins(Boman,1995)等抗菌肽在医药、工业、食品和农业中应用,抗菌肽独特的性质展示出广阔的应用前景。植物抗菌肽在分离纯化、抗菌特性、细胞毒性、理化性质以及转基因等许多方面的研究进展也很快,发现了一大批理化性质和抗菌特性各异的植物抗菌肽。同时近几年对昆虫抗菌肽、蛙抗菌肽、猪抗菌肽、鼠抗菌肽等的研究逐渐增多(郭玉梅,1997)。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献