不同杀虫剂对花生蚜毒力及拌种控制效果研究

为明确噻虫胺等9种杀虫剂对花生蚜虫的毒力和拌种处理对花生蚜虫的控制效果,采用浸渍法进行了室内毒力测定,并进行了盆栽和田间药剂拌种防治试验。结果表明,以新烟碱类噻虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪对蚜虫的毒力最高,其毒力分别是毒死蜱的49.2、40.7、26.6和26.1倍;其次是吡蚜酮、高效氯氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯,哒螨灵的毒力是毒死蜱的3.9倍。盆栽药剂拌种处理后50d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对花生蚜的防效达仍在89%以上。田间拌种处理后25d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对蚜虫的防效均达100%,药后45d防效达87.07%~92.67%,其中以噻虫胺防效最高,而对照药剂毒死蜱几乎无控制效果。采用新烟碱类药剂噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉拌种,对花生苗期蚜虫控制效果优异,并可有效控制地下害虫,且对天敌保护作用强。     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生安全性及防治蛴螬效果评价

为明确4种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生的安全性和防治蛴螬的效果,采用砂培法,评价20℃和25℃下吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和烯啶虫胺4种新烟碱类杀虫剂以及对照药剂氟虫腈种子包衣对花生的出苗及幼苗生长的影响,并进行田间药效试验。结果表明,20℃和25℃下,除烯啶虫胺外,其它3种新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣对花生出苗率无影响;与对照相比,吡虫啉等4种新烟碱类杀虫剂对花生幼苗的促进生长作用均不显著;氟虫腈种子包衣对花生出苗和幼苗生长无影响。两地试验结果表明,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺种子包衣的防虫效果和保果率差异不显著,其中噻虫胺的防虫效果和保果率均最高,在两地田间防效分别为68.91%、71.60%,保果率达67.42%、72.50%。氟虫腈种子包衣对蛴螬的防虫效果和保果率显著低于吡虫啉和噻虫胺。吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和氟虫腈种子包衣显著提高花生荚果产量。吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺有效成分剂量均为140g/100kg种子,对花生安全,且对蛴螬有较好的防治效果。     

6种药剂对大豆田蛴螬的田间药效试验

通过田间小区试验比较了70%噻虫嗪种子处理水分散粒剂WDG(锐胜)、60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂FS(高巧)、3%辛硫磷颗粒剂GR、40%毒死蜱辛硫磷乳油EC、15%阿维毒死蜱乳油EC、15%阿维辛硫磷乳油EC 6种杀虫剂对大豆田蛴螬的防治效果及大豆增产的效果。结果表明,药剂处理后,对大豆安全,未出现药害;70%噻虫嗪WDG对蛴螬的防效达79.41%,大豆增产率为45.43%;60%吡虫啉FS对蛴螬的防效为76.47%,大豆增产率为48.03%;70%噻虫嗪WDG和60%吡虫啉FS的试验效果显著高于防效和增产率分别在54.41%~69.12%、22.09%~34.56%之间的其他4种药剂;6种药剂对大豆苗期和成熟期大豆植株的株高、鲜重、单株豆荚数等指标均未产生显著影响。     

不同浓度40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC灌根处理对苹果绵蚜防控效果评价

为明确不同浓度40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC对苹果绵蚜的田间防效及苹果品质的影响,2018年在云南昭阳区苹果主产区果园,采用以清水灌根为对照,40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC 500倍液、750倍液、1000倍液在落花期至幼果形成期灌根处理进行防控苹果绵蚜效果评价。结果表明,3个浓度的40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC溶液均可持续降低苹果绵蚜虫落数,增加虫口减退率,对苹果绵蚜均有较好较长的防效,其中750倍液40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC对绵蚜防效最好,500倍液和1000倍液的防效次之;品质分析表明,40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC处理可增加苹果可溶性固形物和可溶性蛋白含量,而可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量显著降低。从降低农药施用量及保证苹果品质出发,生产中建议以750倍液、1000倍液40%溴酰·噻虫嗪SC防治苹果绵蚜为佳。     

黄淮海花生田主要害虫减药控害增效技术与效果评价

花生是我国重要的经济和油料作物之一,黄淮海地区是我国重要的花生产区。本研究连续两年在田间开展了春花生和夏花生主要害虫分布调查与减药控害试验。结果表明:春花生和夏花生害虫均以蛴螬、蓟马、棉铃虫和花生蚜为主,其中花生蚜、蛴螬为害春花生重于夏花生。从防效来看,试验所采用的减药处理效果与常规用药差别不显著。通过采用特色地膜覆盖、性诱剂和食诱剂配施农药,春夏花生减药量为32.41%～44.33%,产量分别增加3.88%和4.07%;药剂成本分别增加1.18%和-4.55%,人工成本减少33.33%～40.00%;春夏花生总成本减少21.89%～28.15%,经济效益和生态效益优于常规管理。采用绿色防控技术进行害虫治理可以达到减药增效的目的。     

杀菌剂对马铃薯黑胫病菌毒力及其安全性和田间防效测定

马铃薯黑胫病(Potato blackleg)是一种种薯传播病害,危害呈逐年加重趋势。为研究马铃薯黑胫病药效防治措施,以马铃薯品种‘费乌瑞它’为材料,采用抑菌圈法测定了不同药剂对黑腐果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium atrosepticum)的室内毒力,并对入选药剂采用拌种、沟施、灌根3种处理方式进行了田间防效试验,同时对入选药剂使用不同浓度剂量处理种薯在田间进行了药剂安全性测定。结果表明,噻霉酮、溴硝醇、乙蒜素抑制效果较好,EC50值分别为38.18,77.09和168.15μg/mL,与农用硫酸链霉素相比相差较小。在药剂对马铃薯安全性测定中,溴硝醇拌种的3个用药浓度对出苗均没有抑制作用,其他各供试药剂拌种的二倍用量对出苗均有抑制作用。2017和2018年2年防效试验中,噻霉酮拌种效果最好,防效分别为75.20%和70.35%,增产分别为18.18%和24.89%;其次是溴硝醇拌种、乙蒜素拌种和灌根、噻霉酮灌根,防效均在52.24%～68.60%;对比拌种、沟施和灌根3种施药方法,拌种和灌根效果较好。因此,噻霉酮、溴硝醇和乙蒜素3种药剂是马铃薯黑胫病防止中的首选药剂,且使用拌种和灌根效果较好。     

45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦纹枯病和蚜虫的防治效果

为了解45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的防治效果及推广用量,室内试验以辽春10号为材料,研究了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦生长发育的影响及对纹枯病的防效;田间试验以济麦22和中麦895为试验材料,探索了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC防治小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的推广剂量。结果发现,133~800g·100kg-1种子的45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号发芽率、株高、根长及鲜重无明显影响;400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号小麦纹枯病有较好防效。400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对中麦869纹枯病防效为66.4%~86.7%,明显高于对照药剂;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为95.8~97.3%,防效与对照药剂无明显差异;对济麦22纹枯病防效为55.8~62.7%,与对照药剂无明显差异;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为80.2~90.1%,与对照药剂无明显差异。45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病具有良好防治效果,推荐剂量为400~800g·100kg-1种子。     

宽幅大沟麦套种覆膜春花生增产机制初探

宽幅大沟麦套种覆膜春花生,是改传统的二尺沟播小麦套半夏花生为2.7尺的宽幅大沟麦套覆膜春花生。该方式集小麦沟播优势与春花生覆膜栽培技术为一体,既协调了粮油争地的矛盾,又提高了经济效益。三年试验示范平均亩产小麦269.5公斤,花生335.2公斤。1987年全县推广27000亩,总增收196.56万元,1988年全县推广73000亩,总增收335.8万元。     

应用毒死蜱防治花生蛴螬试验初报

近年来花生蛴螬在我县危害逐年加重,为了筛选对路农药,控制蛴螬对花生的危害,我们于1985年搞了应用40％毒死蜱乳油拌种和中期施颗粒剂试验。 一、试验方法 试验设在扣庄乡扣庄村,土壤为轻壤土,肥力水平较高,历年种植花生,蛴螬危害较为严重,主要虫种为毛黄、暗黑和大黑,播种前每平方米有幼虫1头,成虫2头。播前亩施土杂肥6000斤,复合肥20斤,于5月7日播种,露地种植,亩密度8300墩,中期施药在7月13日,本试验在同一块地分设两个小试验。     

百科防治花生锈病和叶斑病试验简结

花生是我县主要经济作物之一,常年种植面积15万多亩,其中春花生14万多亩,秋花生约1万亩。常受锈病为害,尤以秋花生为重,品质降低,产量减少,是秋花生种植的一大障碍。近年来,我们曾用多种农药进行防治试验,但防效较差。1986年,我们从省农科院植保所引进新型除锈剂百科(Baycor 300EC乳油)进行防治花生锈病和叶斑病的试验与示范。结果表明,百科对春花生锈病防效达75.99—98.34%,对叶斑病防效达31.4—55.4%;产量比对照增产10.5—46.6%,对秋花生锈病的防效     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Use of mechanics of cohesive granular media for analysis of hardness and vitreousness of wheat endosperm

The characterisation of the wheat endosperm by mechanical tests of compression highlighted a relation between the rupture energy and the elasticity modulus for different varieties of wheat; this relation allows us to distinguish mealy and vitreous endosperms. An approach based on the micromechanics of cohesive granular materials is used to analyse these experimental results. A geometrical model of the wheat endosperm made of grains linked by cohesive bonds is proposed. We introduced two parameters, the first one α represents the percentage of active bonds (bonds where the stiffness and strength are non-zero), and the second one β represents the threshold of the bond's rupture. The parameter β can be related to the cross-section of the bond. This model successfully describes the mechanical tests on the wheat endosperm. The comparison with the experimental tests makes it possible to clearly differentiate vitreous wheats and mealy wheats and then attribute this property to the parameter β. The model shows the same tendency as regards the evolution of the rupture energy and the elastic modulus with the parameter α. The modelling of endosperm by the mechanics of cohesive granular media provides a new theoretical framework to interpret the rheology of endosperm. This approach allows us to connect this rheology to the mechanical actions at the scale of the granules.