不同种植方式对花生叶片光合特性、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响

在大田条件下,以花生品种山花9号为材料,采用随机区组设计研究了夏播覆膜、夏播露地、麦田套种和麦田套种露地4种种植方式对花生单株叶面积、叶片净光合速率、干物质积累与分配及荚果产量的影响。结果表明,夏播覆膜种植方式下,花生单株绿叶面积、叶片净光合速率和干物质积累量均显著高于其他处理,为提高荚果产量奠定了物质基础;麦套露地种植方式下,花生生育后期荚果占干物质的比率和百果重均高于夏播覆膜种植;夏播覆膜与麦套露地花生荚果产量无显著差异,均高于其他处理。     

山东省不同生态区域花生种植方式综合评价研究

大田试验表明,在小麦花生两熟制栽培中,不同种植方式的小麦产量基本随小麦行距的增加而降低,无论鲁东、鲁西,小麦产量均以畦田麦最高,大垄宽幅麦最低。除春花生外,花生产量大垄宽幅麦套种最高,一般等行麦套种(鲁东)和畦田麦夏直播(鲁西)最低;不同种植方式小麦、花生单作经济效益高低与各自的产量表现一致。在鲁东,全年效益大垄宽幅麦套种最高,达到15921.0元/hm2,一般等行麦套种最低,在12000元/hm2以下。在鲁西,小垄宽幅麦套种和一般等行麦套种效益较高,在16000元/hm2以上,春花生最低;不同种植方式前茬小麦单季光能利用率高低与产量水平一致,畦田麦达到了1.6%以上。花生单作光能利用率明显高于小麦,且并不与产量表现完全一致。鲁东春播最高,达到了2.23%,大垄宽幅麦和夏直播次之,达到了2%左右。鲁西夏直播最高,达到了2.28%,春花生次之,达到了2.22%。全年光能利用率,鲁东畦田麦夏直播最高,鲁西小垄宽幅麦套种最高,此两种方式光能利用率均在1.8%以上。春花生全年光能利用率最低,约为1%。综合本研究结果,大垄宽幅麦套种、畦田麦夏直播和春花生为鲁东较为适宜的种植方式;小垄宽幅麦套种、畦田麦夏直播为鲁西较为适宜的种植方式,除非旱薄地鲁西一般不宜采用春播方式。     

小麦花生两熟制高产生育规律及栽培技术研究──Ⅱ．种植模式

比较了目前生产上正在应用和最新设计的几种麦油两熟制种植模式，结果表明：在鲁东畦田麦花生夏直播和小垄宽幅麦花生套种两种模式对小麦产量较为有利，大垄宽幅麦花生套种对花生产量更为有利，兼顾麦油产量和全年效益，麦油均分式花生套直播表现最佳．在鲁西，适于小麦等行距花生套种条件下麦油高产高效的小麦行距为３５～４０ｃｍ．     

麦套、直播夏花生覆膜栽培增产机理研究

本文对夏花生麦田套种与麦茬直播覆膜栽培的增产效果及其机理进行了研究,阐明了土壤理化性状、温度、水分、微生物等因素对麦套(免耕)、麦茬直播(耕翻)情况下,覆膜栽培花生的影响。上述因素对夏花生产量构成因素的作用主要表现在:前期叶面积迅速扩大,后期功能叶片较多,从而加速前、中期的生育进程,使饱果成熟期得以延长,协调了荚果充实期“源”、“库”、“流”之间的关系,增加了单株饱果数,提高了百果重和出仁率。     

高产花生叶面积消长规律及其与荚果产量关系的研究

通过多项式对不同栽培方式的高产花生叶面积消长的模拟,和叶面积系数与荚果产量关系的分析得出:夏播花生前期叶面积增长快、峰值早;麦套花生前期叶面积上升慢,峰值迟;春播花生居中.初步认为花生高产的关键,不仅具有较高的叶面积系数峰值,而且叶面积系数下降率必须<3％,以稳定生长后期的光合势。     

麦套花生不同种植方式的试验研究浅析

麦套花生在不同种植方式的影响下,产生的农艺性状和经济性状不同。满三垄、隔垄种、二垄靠三种种植法,产量最高的为二垄靠。本试验中二垄靠法的荚果产量和籽仁产量分别达４６０２ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２和３２６７ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２,较产量最低的对照区（满三垄）,分别增产２５３％ 和３７２％ 。这是因二垄靠法利于创造理想的株型,中耕培土给花生带来了迎针结果的作用。     

耕作方式对淹涝花生光合特性及产量品质的影响

为探索防控花生淹涝灾害的最佳耕作方式,分别选用淹涝敏感品种中花4号和耐渍品种湘花2008,采取不同起垄高度(0、10、20cm)与不同覆膜方式相结合的方法,测定了叶片叶绿素含量、光合特性、荚果产量与品质性状。结果表明:(1)渍涝条件下随垄高的增加,不论敏感和耐渍品种,净光合作用速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率等光合指标均呈先高后低的变化趋势,且覆膜明显高于露地,覆膜条件下花生的叶绿素含量持续增长,而露地栽培呈先高后低变化;(2)起垄覆膜栽培增产效果好,主要缘于单株饱果数、饱果率、百果重等均提高;(3)起垄覆膜栽培的籽仁油分、蛋白质含量总体均高于平垄露地栽培,其中敏感品种的油分、蛋白含量均以垄高10cm较高,覆膜栽培降低油分、提高蛋白质含量;耐渍品种不论覆膜与否油分含量均以垄高20cm较高,而蛋白质含量则以垄高10cm较高,覆膜栽培提高油分。结论:适度起垄辅以覆膜的耕种模式对耐渍和敏感品种防控淹涝灾害均有较好效果,敏感品种的适宜垄高为10~20cm,耐渍品种10cm为宜。     

麦套、麦茬夏花生覆膜栽培对土壤肥力及花生产量的影响

麦套、麦茬夏花生覆膜栽培对土壤肥力及花生产量的影响／张宜茂（江苏省赣榆县农技推广中心），刘彩云，刘长远…／江苏农业科学．－１９９３，（５）．－３９～４１试验设：（１）麦套播覆膜；（２）麦套播露地（免耕平作）；（３）麦茬直播覆膜；（４）麦茬直播露地（耕...     

夏直播花生覆膜高产栽培技术试验简报

１９９０－１９９３年在即墨市石门乡对夏直播花生覆膜栽培技术进行了较系统的研究与探讨，总结出一套成功的夏直播花生高产栽培技术措施。４年累计试验、示范面积达２０多公顷，平均单产花生英颗４４９５．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，比夏直播不覆膜每分顷增产荚果１３８０ｋｇ，增产４４％。     

宽幅麦套花生生育特点及麦花两热双高产配套技术

宽幅麦套花生与小麦有较长共生期,其生长发育有前期晚发、后期缓降和中期猛增的特点。生育中期猛增是干物质累积的关键,此阶段(始花后80天)中所累积的干物质量,占全生育期累积总量的87.6％,是转换成经济产量的基础。在收获前40天内荚果增长量,占荚果产量的68.6％。采取用养结合集约耕作施肥一体化;良种配套充分利用光热资源;改变种植方式发挥边际优势;规范种植;早套覆膜严把播种质量关;根据生长特点加强促保管理等配套技术,实现小麦花生双300—400公斤。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...