中兽药复方“根黄分散片”提取工艺的研究

以乙醇和水为提取溶剂,选择根黄分散片提取物最佳的提取工艺。本试验采用不同浓度（40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%和100%）的乙醇和煎煮法分别提取,以黄芩苷得量和提取物得率为指标确定其最佳提取工艺。根黄分散片的最佳提取工艺为70%乙醇渗漉提取,药渣每次加10倍量水,煎煮2次,时间分别为2、1 h。先用70%乙醇进行渗漉提取,再水煎提取,此工艺简便可行,适于大规模工业化生产。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定博落回注射液中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法测定博落回注射液中血根碱和白屈菜红碱含量的方法。采用Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪,配二极管阵列检测器(PDA),色谱柱为waters SymmetryC18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),柱温:35℃,流速为:1.0mL/min,流动相:乙腈-三乙胺溶液=25∶75(磷酸调pH值至2.5),检测波长270nm。结果表明:血根碱在0.5~100μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2=1.000),平均回收率(n=6)为98.21%,RSD为1.76%;白屈菜红碱在0.25~50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2=1.000),平均回收率(n=5)为98.77%,RSD为0.83%。本方法简便快捷,可用于博落回注射液中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量测定。     

不同提取工艺对中草药抑菌效果的影响

试验选用10种中草药,采用水温浸法、稀碱(酸)溶液温浸法、乙醇回流法等提取工艺,研究不同工艺的提取物对大肠杆菌(K88)的抑菌效果。结果显示,黄芩碱水温浸法与秦皮乙醇回流法提取物的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径分别为13.46mm+1.17mm和13.47mm+1.19mm。     

内部沸腾法提取博落回生物碱的工艺研究

为了得到内部沸腾法提取博落回生物碱的最佳提取工艺,试验逐一考察硫酸浓度、浸泡的乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比等因素对提取效果的影响,并采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了提取得到的博落回总碱中血根碱和白屈菜红碱含量。结果表明:当硫酸浓度为0. 10 mol/L、浸泡乙醇浓度为50%、提取温度为90℃、料液比为1∶20时,提取一次的提取率为13%,HPLC检测到的血根碱含量为6. 6%,白屈菜红碱含量为3. 1%,提取效率明显提高。     

血根碱的生物学活性及博落回提取物在动物生产中的应用

血根碱作为博落回提取物的主要活性成分,在抗炎、抑菌、抗肿瘤等方面具有多种药理作用,农业部也已经批准博落回提取物(血根碱为主要成分)作为二类新中兽药应用于动物生产。本文通过对血根碱在抗炎、抗氧化、肠道健康、抗肿瘤、抑菌等生物学活性及其机制和博落回提取物在动物生产中的应用情况进行综述,为博落回提取物在动物生产中应用提供一些理论参考。     

博落回提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究博落回提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,试验选用28±2日龄、体重相近的长×大断奶仔猪160头,随机分为4处理组,分别饲喂给基础日粮（空白对照组）、基础日粮＋100 mg/kg金霉素（阳性对照组）、基础日粮＋0.45 mg/kg血根碱（血根碱组）和基础日粮＋0.675mg/kg博落回提取物（博落回提取物组）,试验期为30天,试验结束时测定各处理组的生长性能等指标。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,血根碱组仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重分别提高8.53%（P〈0.05）、11.93%（P〈0.05）,料肉比下降了3.18%（P〈0.05）,博落回提取物组仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重分别提高12.32%（P〈0.05）、17.26%（P〈0.05）,料肉比下降了4.5%（P〈0.05）。试验显示,血根碱和博落回提取物均能显著提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,有效缓解了断奶应激,表明博落回提取物作为植物源性抗生素替代产品在断奶仔猪日粮中有良好的应用效果。     

博落回提取物中血根碱和白屈菜红碱含量的测定

实验采用高效液相色谱法测定了博落回提取物中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量.色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(2)柱,流动相为乙腈-水(25∶75,V∶V),流动相用磷酸调pH为3.0,检测波长270 nm,流速1.0 mL/min.结果显示,博落回提取物中血根碱含量为12.36％,白屈菜红碱含量为5.29％,血根碱和白屈菜红碱的平均回收率分别为98.87％、99.14％,变异系数分别为1.28％、1.11％.     

不同剂量博落回提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究不同剂量的博落回提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,本试验选用(65±2)日龄、体重相近的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪252头,随机分为7个处理组,分别饲喂基础日粮(空白对照Ⅰ组),同时在基础日粮中分别添加不同剂量的0.337、0.675、1.35、2.7、5.4mg/kg博落回提取物生物碱(以血根碱+白屈菜红碱总生物碱计),以及30mg/kg金霉素(阳性对照组)作试验组,试验期为28d,试验结束时测定各处理组的生长性能等指标。结果显示,与其它剂量组及金霉素组相比,日粮中添加0.675和1.35mg/kg博落回提取物生物碱,均能显著提高仔猪的采食量(P0.05)、平均日增重(P0.05),降低仔猪料重比(P0.05)。同时日粮中添加不同剂量的博落回提取物生物碱能有效预防仔猪腹泻的发生率。因此,从改善仔猪的生长性能及提高经济效益角度考虑,在仔猪日粮中添加0.675mg/kg的博落回提取物(以血根碱+白屈菜红碱总生物碱计)为理想剂量。     

博落回中四种生物碱的薄层鉴别研究

建立博落回药材中四种生物碱的薄层色谱(TLC)鉴别方法。开展利用二甲苯-甲醇(5∶1)展开剂分离鉴别博落回中的原阿片碱、别隐品碱、血根碱和白屈菜红碱;利用氯仿-二甲苯-甲醇-氨水(50∶10∶1∶0.1)展开剂分离鉴别博落回中血根碱和白屈菜红碱;利用环己烷-丙酮(3∶2)展开剂分离鉴别博落回中原阿片碱和别隐品碱的系统研究。结果表明建立的薄层方法简便,准确和稳定,可以用于控制博落回药材的质量。     

博落回中6种生物碱对大鼠和猪醌氧化还原酶2的作用研究

为了研究博落回中6种主要生物碱别隐品碱、原阿片碱、血根碱、白屈菜红碱、二氢血根碱和二氢白屈菜红碱对大鼠和猪肝胞液醌氧化还原酶2(NQO2)的影响,初步筛选出对大鼠或猪NQO2具有诱导或抑制作用的生物碱,探讨其在畜禽体内的代谢机制,建立了大鼠和猪NQO2体外孵育体系,以槲皮素为阳性对照,噻唑蓝(MTT)为底物,阳性对照物和待测化合物分别与空白组肝胞液孵育,初步筛选出具有诱导或抑制作用的生物碱。结果显示:博落回中的6种主要生物碱对大鼠和猪NQO2的抑制类型均是可逆性反竞争性抑制,其中原阿片碱和血根碱对大鼠和猪肝胞液NQO2具有较强的抑制作用;原阿片碱对雄性大鼠、雌性大鼠和猪NQO2的抑制常数分别为29.26、93.84和18.35μmol·L~(-1),半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为(39.80±2.42)、(203.65±0.20)和(309.20±0.83)μmol·L~(-1);血根碱对雄性大鼠、雌性大鼠和猪NQO2的抑制常数分别为54.87、23.34和151.3μmol·L~(-1),IC_(50)分别为(160.67±5.77)、(148.00±6.62)和(118.25±0.11)μmol·L~(-1);别隐品碱和二氢白屈菜红碱对雌性大鼠NQO2无抑制作用,二氢血根碱对猪NQO2的抑制作用非常微弱。研究结果为博落回中原阿片碱和血根碱的临床应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.