水分和温度对旱地红壤硝化活力和反硝化活力的影响

采集第四纪红色粘土发育和第三纪红砂岩发育的红壤,分别在4C冰箱内保存(O),室温下湿润(M)和淹水(F)培养110天后测定硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化势、反硝化势和反硝化酶活性。结果表明,低温有利于保持硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量,但显著抑制它们的硝化和反硝化活力。湿润有利于保持硝化细菌的硝化活力,而淹水则有利于保持反硝化细菌的反硝化活力,但均不利于硝化细菌和反硝细菌的存活。由此说明,不同的研究目的和需要测定的项目,应采用不同的土壤样本保存方法。     

不同氮肥对水稻根圈微生物生物量及硝化-反硝化细菌的影响

本文采用自行设计根箱,研究了不同形态N肥(硫铵、尿素)施用条件下,植稻模拟生态系统中水稻苗期根圈微生物生物量C、N和亚硝酸细菌及反硝化细菌的动态变化。结果表明:不同N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中微生物生物量C和N均高于非根圈土壤,而尿素处理又高于硫铵。两组N肥处理的水稻根圈土壤中亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌数量也比非根圈土壤高。硫铵处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌数量在施肥后第7天达到高峰;反硝化细菌数量有随时间呈递增现象。而尿素处理的根圈亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌均在第11天出现数量高峰。说明水稻根圈有明显的根圈效应,亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌的存在,是引起土壤硝化、反硝化气态N损失的潜在动力;对N的生物有效性而言,施用尿素比硫铵具有明显滞后期,有利于土壤N素对植物生长的持续供应,减少N素损失和环境污染。     

基于高通量测序的石斑鱼循环水养殖生物滤池微生物群落分析

为了解循环水养殖系统生物过滤器内微生物群落结构,明确其内部微生物的多样性。该文采用Illumina-Mi Seq高通量测序技术对石斑鱼循环水养殖系统3级浸没式生物滤池内微生物群落结构及多样性进行分析。研究结果表明:3个浸没式生物滤池的样品分别获得712,635,865个Operational Taxonomic Unit(OTU),共同包含的OTU为488个,其中3号滤池的微生物群落丰富度和多样性高于1号和2号生物滤池,且1号生物滤池和2号生物滤池内微生物群落结构相似度较高。在门的水平,3个滤池以变形菌门Proteobacteria、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes为优势菌;在属的水平,发现3个滤池中起硝化作用的细菌主要是亚硝化单胞菌Nitrosomonas和硝化螺菌Nitrospira。该试验为揭开生物滤池这个"黑匣子"提供数据基础,对研究海水循环水养殖生物滤池的构建及其脱氮效率具有重要的指导意义。     

鸡粪堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征的初步研究

采用室外人工翻堆好氧堆肥方法，进行了70d的鸡粪、鸡粪添加1％稻草和鸡粪添加3％稻草堆肥试验，采用平板记数法和最大可能记数法(MPN)，研究了堆肥过程中氨化细菌、固氮菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌的数量变化规律。结果表明：氨化作用在堆肥初期显著，硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随堆肥时间的推移有上升的趋势；堆肥中存在固氮菌，但数量变化不大。堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征与堆肥中铵态氮、硝态氮变化规律相一致。     

“零排放”复合生物净化模式用于循环水养鲍系统的试验研究

采用水生植物滤池(UB和PUB)和固定膜生物滤池（SB）的复合净化模式，对鲍鱼养殖水体和系统排放水体进行净化，实现了循环水养鲍系统的清洁生产。试验结果表明，植物滤池UB对养殖水体中总氨氮(TAN)具有很高的吸收效率，从而降低了SB的硝化负荷，大大减少了TAN、NO^－₂-N、NO^－₃-N和COD的积累，在整个试验过程中，养殖水体中TAN、NO^－₂-N、NO^－₃-N和COD的浓度分别低于0.19、0.01、1.75和1.20 mg/L。由于UB滤池的吸收作用和SB的硝化作用，养殖水体中PO^3-₄的浓度一直保持在0.30 mg/L以下。另外，这种复合净化模式具有调节水体pH值的作用，在试验期间，养殖水体中的pH值一直保持在8.11～8.14的良好水质范围，对鲍鱼的养殖十分有利。系统排放水经另一植物滤池PUB吸收净化后，PO^3-₄浓度降至0.22 mg/L 以下，NO^-₃-N的浓度甚至降至0.10 mg/L以下。本文还建立了养殖循环水体中无机氮的循环模型，用于对养殖水体中TAN、NO^－₂-N和NO^－₃-N的预测和控制。     

鸡粪堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征的初步研究

采用室外人工翻堆好氧堆肥方法,进行了70d的鸡粪、鸡粪添加1%稻草和鸡粪添加3%稻草堆肥试验,采用平板记数法和最大可能记数法(MPN),研究了堆肥过程中氨化细菌、固氮菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌的数量变化规律。结果表明:氨化作用在堆肥初期显著,硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随堆肥时间的推移有上升的趋势;堆肥中存在固氮菌,但数量变化不大。堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征与堆肥中铵态氮、硝态氮变化规律相一致。     

硝化反硝化细菌菌落与N_2O排放关系研究

虽然硝化反硝化细菌菌落组成成分与从土壤中排放出来的N2O之间的关联尚不清楚,但是,硝化反硝化细菌的菌落组成、数量与N2O的排放活动已在两个常见的耕地型湿地(CW)与非耕地型湿地(UW)上做过探讨。本研究的假设有:1)不同的硝化反硝化菌落选择不同的地形;2)反硝化是产生N2O的主要步骤;3)在硝化反硝化细菌菌群组成、数量与N2O排放之间是有某种联系的。选在圣丹尼斯国家野生动物保护区(SDNWA)的3块CW与3块UW上进行比较试验。结果表明:1)硝化作用是N2O排放的根本来源;2)耕作土壤增加了硝化细菌的产量,同时消减了硝化细菌的数量;3)反硝化细菌的数量没有因为耕作活动而增加;4)在土地利用和地形为变量的前提下,硝化细菌、反硝化细菌菌落组成和数量与N2O的排放是没有关联的。     

四种填料滤器处理养鱼废水的硝化性能

为了研究不同填料对海水养殖废水处理的硝化效能,并为生物滤器硝化动力学模型的构建、生物滤器的设计与管理提供基础数据支持,本文在5个化学耗氧量/总氨氮比0、0.8、2、6、12条件下,研究了竹制空心生化球、麦饭石、陶粒和生物滤球等4种填料的生物滤器去除模拟海水养殖废水中化学需氧量和总氨氮,以及生物膜微生物种群结构和数量的变化。结果表明：在低化学需氧量/总氨氮（＜6）条件下麦饭石填料的生物滤器具有最高的化学需氧量和总氨氮去除效能,最高分别可达850和21 g/(m3·d)（化学需氧量/总氨氮=0.8）;竹制空心     

间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统构建及其养殖效果

为改善工厂化循环水养殖系统水质净化效果,提高养殖密度和成活率,构建了间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统。通过间歇运行生物膜反应器增加水力停留时间,充分降解含氮污染物;连续运行弧形筛及时去除固体颗粒物。考察了该系统的启动过程及石斑鱼高密度养殖效果。启动初期,将硝化型生物絮团与海绵填料混合培养,生物膜22 d即可挂膜成功。以30.03 kg/m~3为初始养殖密度开展石斑鱼养殖试验,经66 d养殖,石斑鱼平均质量从(273.00±12.22)增至(552.52±107.04) g,最终养殖密度达到60.78 kg/m~3,成活率为100%。养殖过程中,生物膜逐渐适应养殖环境,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮去除率从13.33%、14.84%增至93.73%、93.50%。此外,在弧形筛进水槽增加曝气形成曝气式弧形筛,可进一步除去细小颗粒物,有效控制养殖水体浊度。     

长期定位施氮对连作番茄土壤可培养微生物数量的影响

以蔬菜长期定位施肥试验为基础,采用选择性培养基培养微生物,研究长期施氮对连作番茄土壤微生物的组成及数量的影响,并测定了土壤养分,探讨了土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:处理AN0土壤好气性固氮菌数量最多,显著高于其他处理,处理AN1和BN2显著低于其他处理,施用有机肥可提高土壤中好气性固氮菌的数量。处理AN1氨化细菌数量,显著高于其他处理,BN2和AN2氨化细菌数量较少,有机肥和低浓度氮肥配施可提高土壤中氨化细菌数量,施用高浓度氮肥降低氨化细菌数量。施用有机肥可提高土壤中亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和纤维素分解菌的数量。反硝化细菌数量与全磷和速效磷含量显著相关,亚硝化细菌数量与碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量显著相关。纤维素分解菌与全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质和速效钾含量显著相关。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.