蓖麻RAPD-PCR反应体系的正交优化

以东北蓖麻为材料建立蓖麻RAPD反应优化体系,用于蓖麻遗传多样性分析.用CTAB提取蓖麻基因组DNA,采用正交试验对影响蓖麻RAPD-PCR扩增的反应组分浓度进行优化.结果表明最佳的蓖麻RAPD-PCR反应体系(25μ1)中含10xbuffer 2.5μ1,模板DNA 4ng/μ1,dNTP 0.4mmol/L,引物0.321μmol/L及Taq酶0.1U/μ1.扩增程序为94℃预变性2min;94℃变性30s,35℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min20s;40个循环;72℃延伸5min.通过正交体系优化,获得了较优的蓖麻凡RAPD-PCR反应体系,为蓖麻RAPD分子标记提供了理论基础.     

YS型小麦温敏不育基因的RAPD标记

选取温敏小麦不育系A3314与Silverstar杂交组合的F2高可育和高不育单株构建基因池,利用500对随机引物对其进行多态性分析,同时对其反应体系和扩增条件进行优化。试验结果表明,在25μL反应体系中使用50 ng的模板DNA,2 mmol/L Mg2 ,0.2 mmol/L dNTPS,0.2μmol/L引物,1 UTaq酶;反应条件为94℃预变性5 min,然后进行94℃变性45 s,37℃结合45 s,72℃延伸90 s,40个循环后,再72℃延伸10 min,小麦RAPD扩增效果较好;S310750为小麦温敏不育基因的连锁标记。     

鸭茅SSR-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

应用L16(44)正交设计对影响鸭茅SSR-PCR的主要参数进行优化,建立适于鸭茅的SSR反应体系和扩增程序.在15μL体系中各反应的最适合含量为:50ng模板DNA,240μmol/L dNTP,0.4μmol/L SSR引物,1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶,1.5μL 10×PCR Buffer,2.5mmol/L MgC12.PCR适宜扩增程序为:94℃预变性4min,94℃变性30 s,52℃复性30 s,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环,72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存.并对引物最适合退火温度进行优化,最终确定引物退火温度为48～52℃.同时选用100对鸭茅引物对4份材料进行扩增,筛选出条带清晰,多态性好的引物30对.用于鸭茅SSR标记的进一步研究.     

桃SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

建立适宜桃基因组DNA的SRAP-PCR扩增体系,为桃基因图谱的构建和分子标记打下基础。以桃基因组DNA为模板,通过正交试验设计,从dNTPs、Mg2+、Taq酶、引物、模板5种因素4个水平对桃SRAP-PCR反应体系进行优化,所建立的体系为25μL:dNTPs为0.12 mmol/L,Mg2+为4 mmol/L,Taq酶2 U,引物为0.3 mmol/L,模板DNA50ng。PCR反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性l min,35℃复性l min,72℃延伸l min,5个循环;94℃变性l min,50℃复性l min,72℃延伸l min,35个循环,72℃延伸10 min。     

辽东地区胡桃楸天然林ISSR分子标记体系的建立和优化

为建立胡桃楸天然林ISSR-PCR反应体系,本实验从DNA的提取到扩增进行了研究。通过对比CTAB和试剂盒两种方法,发现胡桃楸最佳DNA提取方法为试剂盒法。利用正交试验设计法确定了胡桃楸ISSR-PCR反应最佳体系,并对影响胡桃楸PCR反应的Taq酶浓度、Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度等因素进行了优化。最终获得胡桃揪ISSR-PCR反应的最优扩增程序为:95℃预变性3 min,95℃变性30 s,48.3℃复性30 s,72℃延伸1 min,28次循环,最后72℃终延伸5 min。优化胡桃楸ISSR-PCR的最佳反应体系为:Taq DNA聚合酶浓度为0.75 U/20μL、Mg~(2+)浓度为1.75 mmol/L、dNTP浓度为0.20 mmol/L、引物浓度为0.35μmol/L、DNA模板浓度为150 ng/20μL。该研究为以后利用ISSR分子标记技术研究胡桃楸的亲缘关系和遗传多样性提供高效的技术手段。     

枣树RAPD分析体系优化研究

利用随机引物扩增多态性(RAPD)分子标记技术研究不同枣树品系之间遗传多态性,建立起一个基于PCR技术的分子遗传标记RAPD分析的优化体系.设置不同的浓度梯度,从dNTPs、随机引物、Taq酶、Mg2 、缓冲液Buffe,的浓度及模板DNA的质量和用量方面考察,建立了枣树RAPD技术最优体系.结果表明:20μL反应体系组分含量为10×Taq酶Buffer 2μL,Mg2 浓度2.0 mmol/L,dNTPs浓度200μmol/L,引物浓度0.2 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶浓度0.06 U/μL,DNA模板浓度1.5 ng/μL.最佳扩增程序为94℃预变性4 min,94℃变性30 s,36℃退火40 s,72℃延伸1min,50个循环,最后72℃延伸8 min.     

柑桔SRAP和ISSR分子标记技术体系的建立与优化

通过对PCR反应程序、反应体系(DNA模板量、PCR反应体积、Mg2 浓度、dNTP浓度、Taq酶用量、引物量)、电泳检测方法的系统优化,建立了柑桔SRAP-PCR和ISSR-PCR体系;以此进行大规模引物筛选,从而建立了柑桔SRAP和ISSR分子标记技术体系.SRAP-PCR:25μL体系,模板DNA25ng,Tris-HCl10 mmol/L,KCl50 mmol/L,Mg2 1.2 mmol/L,dNTP 120 μmol/L,Taq酶1.5U,引物0.4μmol/L,反应程序为94℃预变性5min,35个循环(94℃ 30s,47℃ 1min,72℃ 1min),72℃延伸10min;ISSR-PCR:25μL体系,模板DNA25ng,Tris-HCl10mmol/L,KCl50mmol/L,Mg2 1.6 mmol/L,dNTP200μmol/L,Taq酶1 U,引物0.8μmol/L.筛选出稳定性好、多态性高的24对SRAP引物和13条ISSR引物.     

胡椒SRAP反应体系的建立和优化

建立并优化胡椒SRAP分子标记体系,为海南胡椒属植物亲缘关系和遗传多态性分析、物种和品种鉴定等打下技术基础。利用单因素随机试验对胡椒SRAP-PCR反应体系中各组分（Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、模板DNA、引物和Mg2+）的浓度进行优化,同时筛选SRAP-PCR反应的循环数和最适退火温度。通过实验确定了SRAP-PCR反应体系为：反应总体系为20 μL,其中引物0.35 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,dNTP 0.6 mmol/L,Mg2 + 1.5 mmol/L,模板DNA 25~200 ng,同时通过梯度PCR试验,确定引物最佳退火温度;最佳SRAP-PCR反应程序为：94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性30 s,35℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,5个循环;然后94℃变性30 s,48℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,40个循环;最后72℃延伸7 min,4℃保存。SRAP-PCR体系适为胡椒属植物遗传多样性分析奠定了基础,并成功地应用于海南胡椒属植物亲缘关系和遗传多态性分析。     

草莓SRAP反应体系优化及引物筛选

为建立草莓SRAP-PCR适宜的反应体系,以草莓品种‘丰香’为实验材料,采用单因素实验设计,对Mg²⁺、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶及引物浓度4个因素4水平进行优化,并在此基础上对模板DNA的浓度和退火温度进行优化。结果表明,草莓SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为：20μL的反应体系中含10×PCR buffer 2μL,Mg²⁺ 2.0 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L,正反向引物各为0.6μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,模板DNA为100 ng。扩增程序为：94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性1 min,35℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共5个循环;94℃变性1 min,54℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72℃延伸5 min;4℃保存。利用该优化体系筛选引物,从110对SRAP引物组合中筛选出29对条带清晰丰富、多态性好的引物,证明了此优化体系稳定可靠,能够用于草莓种质资源的鉴定、分子标记辅助育种等研究。     

缘毛雀麦ISSR—PCR反应体系的建立和优化

以缘毛雀麦基因组DNA为模板,对ISSR反应体系中的一些重要参数进行探索和优化试验,初步建立了一套雀麦属牧草ISSR分析的优化反应体系及反应程序.在20μl反应体系中,含有2.0 mmol/L Mg2+、2.0 U Taq酶、O.3 mmol/L dNTP、0.5/μmol/L引物和30 ng模板DNA.反应程序:第1个循环,基因组DNA经94℃预变性5 min;45个循环为94℃变性45 S,54℃退火60 s,72℃延伸90 s;最后1个循环完成后,在72℃下延伸7 min.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.