强割对不同排胶特性的橡胶树品系胶乳生理生化参数的影响

以不同排胶特性的巴西橡胶树 PR107 和 CATAS 8-79 无性系的成龄树为材料，研究强割处理对胶乳中橡胶生 物合成相关生理参数和基因表达的影响。结果表明，强割处理的 PR107 和 CATAS 8-79 品系的胶乳中，HblMYC1 基因 表达量均呈现先上升后降低的模式，且在强割第 3~4 刀时达最大值，后期的 HblMYC1 基因表达量低于初始水平。胶乳 干胶含量的变化趋势与 HblMYC1 基因表达量的趋势一致，而排胶时间、胶乳产量和干胶产量这 3 个生理参数也呈现先 上升后降低的趋势，但在强割的第 5~6 刀时达才到最大值，后期恢复到初始水平。对强割处理胶乳中的各项生理参数 及 HblMYC1 基因表达量进行相关性分析，发现 PR107 品系的胶乳产量、干胶含量与干胶产量三者间均呈极显著正相关， 干胶含量与 HblMYC1 基因表达呈极显著正相关；CATAS 8-79 品系的排胶时间与胶乳产量呈极显著正相关，排胶时间、 胶乳产量、干胶含量三者与干胶产量呈极显著正相关。研究结果表明，在强割条件下的胶乳生理参数和 HblMYC1 基因 表达量之间存在相关性，且能够更快速反映出橡胶树品系的橡胶生物合成特性，为利用分子生物学技术指导制定适宜 的橡胶树割胶制度提供理论依据。     

橡胶树胚胎晚期丰富蛋白基因HbLEA1的克隆和表达分析

胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（LEA）是与植物抗逆反应相关的一类重要蛋白。本研究克隆了橡胶树LEA家族一个新基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为HbLEA1。该cDNA全长1 183 bp,其中5'UTR区60 bp,3'UTR区154 bp,CDS区969 bp,共编码322个氨基酸,分子量大小为36 ku,等电点4.84,含有LEA-2和WHy（Water Stress and Hypersensitive response）结构域,属于LEA_2类LEA蛋白。组织表达分析结果表明,HbLEA1在种子中表达量最高,其次是胶乳和稳定叶,在芽中的表达量最低。在未开割树的胶乳中,机械伤害和割胶处理均明显下调HbLEA1表达。在橡胶树幼苗中,低温胁迫处理后该基因在叶片、树皮和根中的表达呈上升趋势,而在高温和干旱胁迫中其表达变化并不明显。结果显示,HbLEA1基因可能参与橡胶树的胁迫应答和胶乳代谢调控。     

利用mRNA差别显示技术分离橡胶树死皮病相关cDNA

从中国热带农业科学院橡胶树早期预测试验地采集不同品系的橡胶树胶乳和树皮组织，分别提取纯化mRNA 合成cDNA第一链。通过4个简并锚定引物和10个随机引物进行PCR扩增，经6％变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后发现了至少4个差异DNA片段只在健康树中表达而在死皮树中没有出现，这4个差异DNA片段分别命名为Hb1(725bp),Hb2,Hb3,Hb4。对Hb1进行了分离，纯化，经Northern杂交证实，Hb1在健康树胶乳中表达活跃，而在死皮树胶乳中表达受到强烈抑制，表明Hb1是与死皮病相关的cDNA片段，进一步将Hb1片段进行回收和克隆，并进行DNA序列分析，序列在GenBank中进行BLAST分析未发现相关同源片段，死皮病相关cDNA片段的获得，将分离全长死皮病相关基因，搞清该基因表达调控的机理提供条件，进而为从分子水平上阐明死皮病的致病机理打下了基础。     

割胶、机械伤害和外源茉莉酸对橡胶树乳管细胞防卫蛋白基因表达的影响

为了进一步探明巴西橡胶树乳管的防卫功能,笔者采用RT-PCR和Northem-blot技术分析割胶、机械伤害和外源茉莉酸对胶乳几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和橡胶素基因表达的影响,结果表明:(1)外源茉莉酸和机械伤害均能上调几丁质酶、β-l,3-葡聚糖酶和橡胶素的基因表达,但机械伤害的效应滞后于外源茉莉酸;(2)几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和橡胶素的基因在割胶树中的表达明显强于在未开割树中的表达;(3)割胶树胶乳中内源茉莉酸含量显著高于未开割树.     

巴西橡胶树一个新的法尼基焦磷酸合酶基因的克隆及表达分析

利用同源克隆的方法在橡胶树中获得一个新的法尼基焦磷酸合酶基因,命名为Hb FPS2。序列分析显示,Hb FPS2基因组序列长4 171 bp,由12个外显子和11个内含子组成,c DNA全长1 288 bp,包含1 029 bp的开放阅读框、105 bp的5′-UTR和154 bp的3′-UTR,编码342个氨基酸,推测分子量为39.6 ku,等电点为5.27。氨基酸序列比对显示,Hb FPS2具有FPS家族保守的5个结构域。进化分析结果表明,Hb FPS2和Hb FPS1亲缘关系最近,与大戟科的蓖麻、大戟、麻风树法尼基焦磷酸合酶聚为一个亚类。定量PCR结果表明,Hb FPS2在橡胶树根、树皮、叶、花和胶乳等组织中均有表达,在花和胶乳中表达量较高,在根中表达量最低;茉莉酸和乙烯处理均能提高Hb FPS2基因的表达量,处理9 h时基因表达量分别提高了36倍和8倍。结果为分析法尼基焦磷酸合酶基因表达特性及其在天然橡胶生物合成途径中的作用机制奠定基础。     

巴西橡胶树蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因的克隆和表达分析

分析橡胶树EST数据库,得到一个注释为SPS(蔗糖磷酸合成酶)的EST序列重叠群(contig).通过PCR扩增和测序技术获得该基因的全长cDNA和基因组序列,命名为HbSPS1.序列分析显示,HbSPS1基因长度为5 298 bp,包含13个外显子和12个内含子.对应的cDNA编码序列(CDS)为3 156 bp,推测编码1 050个氨基酸,分子量大小为118.1 ku,等电点为6.05.采用荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因的表达模式,结果表明,HbSPS1基因主要在胶乳中表达,在乙烯利和机械伤害处理的胶乳中呈下调表达,在割胶影响下略有上调表达趋势,同时该基因在叶片发育过程中呈上调表达.说明HbSPS1基因可能参与胶乳蔗糖代谢和叶片发育调控.     

割胶制度与天然胶乳挥发脂肪酸值的关系

研究了橡胶树新、旧割胶制度及不同刺激强度、不同割胶频率对其胶乳VFANo.和蔗糖含量的影响。探讨了6种割制所得田间胶乳在贮存过程中VFANo.的变化规律。结果表明:在一定时间的自然贮存过程中,不同割制胶乳其VFANo.变异很大。新割制胶乳VFANo.升高较快;不同刺激强度胶乳明显呈现高强度高VFANo.的趋势;不同割胶频率胶乳明显呈现高频率高VFANo.的趋势;各种割制胶乳刚采集时其VFANo.无明显差异且均很低,随后VFA的生成随氨含量的增加而后滞。不同割制胶乳蔗糖浓度差异极显著。     

乙烯刺激橡胶树胶乳黄色体蛋白差异初析

巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳中的黄色体作为乳管细胞的一种细胞器,其稳定性受乙烯刺激影响。该试验从蛋白差异角度,选取未开割胶树,应用双向凝胶电泳技术(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE),比较在乙烯刺激与未刺激条件下,黄色体蛋白的变化情况。结果表明,按蛋白表达量变化差异3倍及以上分析,胶树在乙烯刺激24h后,上调蛋白5个,下调蛋白2个;在乙烯刺激48h后,上调蛋白7个,下调蛋白1个;综合3个处理,先上调后下调的蛋白8个;先下调后上调的蛋白2个。应用质谱技术鉴定了其中部分差异表达蛋白,并进行初步功能分析,表明未开割橡胶树胶乳黄色体受乙烯刺激后,黄色体蛋白发生不同程度复杂变化,各组处理间变化明显。     

巴西橡胶树中2个NADP-苹果酸酶基因的克隆和表达特性分析

从橡胶树中克隆2个NADP-ME(苹果酸酶)基因的全长cDNA,分别命名为HbNADP-ME1和HbNADP-ME2。HbNADP-ME1和HbNADP-ME2 cDNA全长分别为2 428、2 139 bp,分别编码643、593个氨基酸组成的蛋白,二者的氨基酸序列一致性高达87.25%,且分别与蓖麻和杨树的一个NADP-ME序列具有较高的序列一致性。2个HbNADP-ME蛋白都含有典型的植物NADP-ME蛋白的保守结构域,均富含亮氨酸(Leu),同属于非分泌型稳定蛋白。2个HbNADP-ME基因在橡胶树不同组织中的表达存在明显差异,在根中的表达量最高,种子和花中的表达量次之;另外,HbNADP-ME1基因在胶乳中受机械伤害有下调表达趋势,HbNADP-ME2基因在胶乳中受割胶处理也表现出下调表达趋势,而低温胁迫则显著诱导2个基因在叶片和根中的表达。结果说明,HbNADP-ME基因可能参与橡胶树的抗逆应答及代谢调控(包括胶乳代谢调控)。此结果为深入揭示橡胶树中NADP-ME基因的功能奠定了基础。     

巴西橡胶树叶绿体型果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因的全长cDNA克隆与表达分析

利用RACE技术从巴西橡胶树中克隆到一个叶绿体型FBPase基因,命名为HbcpFBPase。该基因的c DNA全长为1 512 bp,包含1 209 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个由402个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,蛋白分子量大小约为43.88 ku,理论等电点为6.64。多重序列比对表明该基因为叶绿体型果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶。Target P软件预测HbcpFBPase在叶绿体中的概率是0.961。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,HbcpFBPase基因在雌花中表达量最高,雄花及种子次之;此外,机械伤害和割胶以及多种植物激素如乙烯利ET及植物生长素2,4-D可使HbcpFBPase基因下调表达。研究结果对进一步研究橡胶树光合作用碳固定、以及深入研究光合作用与胶乳合成之间的关系提供理论参考。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.