转Bt+Sck基因双价抗虫棉的抗虫性及遗传分析

对通过花粉管通道注射获得的转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉纯系312-5T2和332-2T2进行了生物抗虫性测定,转基因纯系对棉铃虫的抗性显著高于非抗虫对照苏棉16和抗虫对照品种sGK321,与抗虫对照R19抗虫性相当.遗传分析表明,转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉的抗性基因符合一对显性基因的分离规律.对转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉与R19及sGK321的杂交F1进行了抗虫性测定,所有的F1植株都表现出与转Bt Sck基因纯系亲本一致的抗虫性.转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉纯系312-5T2和332-2T2等位性测验证明:312-5T2与R19、sGK321的抗虫基因整合位点不连锁,表现为15∶1的自由组合比例;而332-2T2与R19中抗虫基因的整合位点表现连锁,与sGK321的抗虫基因表现自由组合.这为培育新的双价抗虫棉品种(系)提供了优良的育种材料.     

抗虫杂交棉F1代与亲本Bt蛋白表达量及抗虫差异性研究

对转 Bt基因抗虫杂交棉正、反交 F1代与抗虫亲本的 Bt蛋白表达量及抗棉铃虫差异性研究表明 :抗虫亲本与其杂种 F1代均高抗棉铃虫 ,但抗虫亲本的抗虫性略好于其杂种 F1代 ,并且明显地高于非抗虫亲本 ;正、反交杂种 F1代间的抗虫性几乎没有差异。生长前期的抗虫性好于后期 ,同一时期嫩叶或侧枝生长点的抗虫性好于幼蕾。抗虫亲本叶片和花瓣的 Bt蛋白含量明显地高于其杂种 F1代 ,抗虫亲本功能叶的 Bt蛋白含量明显地高于其上部非功能叶 ,而杂种 F1代功能叶的 Bt蛋白含量则明显地低于其上部非功能叶。盛花期后至吐絮期前 ,叶片和花瓣的 Bt蛋白表达量明显增加 ,在抗虫亲本中表现最为明显。与叶片相比 ,在花瓣中检测到的 Bt蛋白含量极低。正、反交 F1代间的 Bt蛋白表达量差异较小或无规律可循     

棉花正反交组合F1代性状的比较研究

按不完全双列杂交,以美国抗虫棉品种A1～A6为父本,国内常规棉品种B7～B12为母本,得到正交组合36个;以B系列为父本,A系列为母本,得到反交组合36个。2002年在湖南长沙、宁乡、南县、澧县4个实验点进行组合F1代产量、纤维品质、抗虫性等性状的正反交比较试验。结果表明:棉花纤维品质在正反交间无差异,棉花纤维品质性状遗传为非细胞质遗传;无论是子棉产量还是皮棉产量,抗虫杂交棉正、反交F1代间存在极显著差异,而且在构成产量的各个因子中,铃重在正反交间的差异达到了显著水平;从抗虫性方面看,正交组合的抗虫性稍好,其中对四代棉铃虫的抗性,正反交间差异达极显著水平。     

利用 F2 转 Bt 基因抗虫杂交棉新策略

通过不同抗虫棉品系间互交、后代选择的方法选育出聚合整合位点不同的Bt基因纯合抗虫棉种质,开展了培育以 F2 利用为目的的杂交种探索研究.类似 F2 世代 Bt 基因的不同分离类型,聚合有不同数目 Bt 基因的棉株在整个生育期对棉铃虫有显著的抗虫性.并且与单价抗虫棉时空表达一致,生育前期抗虫性好,毒蛋白表达量高,中、后期抗虫性有所下降,毒蛋白表达量降低.因此,用其作为亲本配置抗虫杂交种,是利用棉花F2 杂种优势的途径之一.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉杂种优势利用研究

利用河北省审定的棉花品种或新品系与美国抗虫棉新棉 3 3 B及我国自育的 2个抗虫棉品系配制杂交组合 ,分析了转 Bt基因杂交抗虫棉的优势表现。结果表明 ,转 Bt基因杂交棉具有较大的产量优势。在产量构成因素中 ,单铃重的增加较大 ,其次是衣分 ,单株结铃数优势最小。对纤维品质分析表明 ,抗虫杂交棉纤维品质一般具有负优势。纤维长度和比强度多低于抗虫亲本和对照 ,麦克隆值增大 ,整齐度好于抗虫亲本和对照     

土壤胁迫与温度对转Bt基因棉抗虫性的影响

土壤水分过多和过少均不利于转 Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白的表达 ,土壤涝渍可造成转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的显著下降 ,而土壤干旱的影响则相对较小。低温 ( 1 8℃ )不仅可明显降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,亦可明显降低已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白的抗虫活性。高温 ( 3 8℃ )亦可降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,但较低温的影响则相对较小 ;高温下已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白对低龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗虫活性明显增强。因此 ,应加强转 Bt基因棉田的水肥管理 ,保证转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的高效表达 ,重视各种异常天气后转 Bt基因棉田间的虫量监测 ,适时进行防治     

转Bt基因抗虫棉抗虫性遗传研究

以转 Bt基因抗虫棉 R55为材料 ,利用ELISA( Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)检测方法 ,通过对不同亲本与抗虫亲本 R55杂交F1～ F5、BC1、BC2 世代材料 Bt晶体杀虫蛋白的定性、定量测定 ,结合大田自然感虫条件下的抗棉铃虫鉴定 ,研究了转 Bt基因抗虫棉 Bt基因的遗传规律。结果表明 :F1均表现阳性 ,F2 阳、阴性株符合 3∶ 1的分离比例 ,回交 BC1阳、阴性株呈现 1∶ 1的分离比例 ,说明 Bt基因的遗传基本符合显性主基因遗传规律。但 Bt基因的遗传又有其特殊性 ,表现在亲本的遗传背景对 Bt基因的表达有着较大影响 ,不同亲本与抗虫亲本杂交 F1代 Bt晶体蛋白的表达量存在较大差异 ;杂交方式对 Bt基因的表达亦有一定影响 ;不加选择的连续回交 ,有可能使 Bt基因“丢失”。未发现 Bt基因的表达随世代的递增、农艺和经济性状的改进而降低的趋势 ,Bt基因可以稳定遗传     

Bt基因在不同陆地棉基因型的表达研究

研究了Bt基因在陆地棉不同遗传背景下的表达差异。结果表明,(1)Bt基因在不同陆地棉基因型中均能充分表达,与常规(非抗虫)棉相比抗虫性极为显著。(2)不同陆地棉基因型品系(种)之间抗虫性比较,有差异且部分品系间达极显著水平。(3)Bt基因在不同陆地棉基因型的表达,前期(对二代棉铃虫的抗性)差异较大;中期(对三代棉铃虫的抗性)差异变小;后期(对四代棉铃虫的抗性)没有显著差异。(4)转Bt基因抗虫棉Bt基因的表达随棉花的生育进程呈逐渐降低趋势,即对二代棉铃虫的抗性>对三代棉铃虫的抗性>对四代棉铃虫的抗性。     

转基因水稻恢复系及其F1代Bt蛋白的时空表达分析

本研究以抗虫水稻恢复系9311(Bt)及其杂交种F1(Bt)为研究材料,以非转基因的9311为阴性对照,利用ELISA方法研究9311(Bt)及F1(Bt)各生育时期可溶性总蛋白和Bt蛋白的时空变化规律,为转Bt基因抗虫水稻的安全监管提供科学依据。结果表明：外源基因的导入没有引起水稻组织中可溶性总蛋白含量的明显变化;9311(Bt)的Bt蛋白表达量在整个生长周期的各个部位均高于相应的F1(Bt)植株;同一植株不同组织器官中Bt蛋白表达量为：叶片跃胚乳跃颖壳及茎秆跃根;同一植株不同发育期叶片Bt蛋白的测定结果整体表现为：营养生长阶段跃生殖生长阶段跃成熟衰老阶段。研究结果为转Bt基因抗虫水稻适宜检测时期的选择提供了一定的参考。     

高抗枯萎病优质棉花新品种石早98

石早98（石抗98）系石家庄市农林科学院以SGK321为母本、583为父本杂交,经对杂种后代连续定向选择、抗病性和抗虫性鉴定、纤维品质测试以及产量比较试验，于2003年选育而成。该品种为转基因抗虫常规棉品种．其抗虫基因为国产Bt＋CpTi双价抗虫基因。2004—2005年参加河北省冀东早熟棉区春播区域试验，     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.