加强饲料厂粉尘控制有效防止粉尘事故发生

昆山8.2粉尘爆炸事故对所有饲料厂发出了严重的警示。饲料企业粉尘爆炸屡有报道，但是不少饲料企业对粉尘控制不甚重视，直接影响着职工健康和生产安全。近期，笔者参加了部分饲料企业的换证验收工作，发现企业在粉尘控制上存在着诸多的问题，现与大家一起探讨。     

饲料企业的粉尘爆炸风险识别及预防

2014年8月2日,江苏省昆山市经济开发区中荣金属制品有限公司汽车轮毂拋光车间在生产过程中发生粉尘爆炸,造成75人死亡,100多人受伤。这次事件的发生使"大部分人"都感到惊讶,原以为除了发挥性气体会发生爆炸外,其他细小物质,如粉尘,尤其是不能燃烧原料在加工中产生的粉尘根本不会爆炸。然而,事实胜于雄辩,许多物质,无论是可燃的还是不燃的,在形成粉尘后,当其积聚到一定的浓度后均会发生爆炸。目前,粉尘爆炸仍然是我国安全生产的主要威胁之一,原因是人们对此类威胁的不了解或相关知识的匮乏。粮食加工和饲料加工在生产中很容易形成粉尘,因此它们属于粉尘爆炸的高威胁领域。上海富朗特动物保健有限公司是一家专业从事饲料添加剂——维生素的知名企业,其利用先进的HSE安全生产体系对生产过程中所涉及的人、物(原料、设备等)、环境的安全进行全方位的监控和管理,较好地实现了安全生产的目的。为此,我们特邀请该公司负责工厂运营的副总经理褚慎强先生(图1)介绍粉尘爆炸的原理及预防措施。     

饲料加工企业常见的安全风险识别

<正>饲料加工是通过特定的加工工艺和设备将饲料原料制成饲料成品和半成品的过程。饲料企业通常由饲料加工生产线、原料及成品仓储,并配有电工、机修等辅助部门。饲料加工企业加工工艺包括原料的接收、原料的贮存、原料的清理、原料的粉碎、原料上料、配料混合、制粒、打包等几个部分组成。饲料加工企业是自动化水平较高,易产生粉尘、噪音的粮食加工企业。常见安全隐患有:火灾、粉尘爆炸、机械伤害以及粉尘、噪音、高温造成的职业病危害。     

要切实予防饲料加工厂发生粉尘爆炸

<正> 在饲料加工时,会产生大量的谷物粉尘,这些粉尘首先在粉碎机、输料管及料箱内与空气相遇,也难免总有一部分从机器中逸散出来。如果加工车间或仓库的通风除尘设备不良,工作空间也会造成谷物粉尘的弥漫。当空气中粉尘的浓度达到每立方米10～20克左右时,遇到火星便会瞬间引起强烈爆炸。众所周知,美国是生产配合饲料数量最多的国家,其生产加工设备在世界上大体也是最完善的。但是,美国饲料加工厂发生粉尘爆炸     

饲料工厂粉尘控制技术

近年来,随着我国养殖业发展迅猛,带动了饲料工业的迅速发展.我国现已成为仅次于美国的世界第二大饲料生产大国,而在生产过程中产生的粉尘也是相当惊人的.粉尘的产生一方面对工人身体健康和周围环境造成损害和污染,另一方面,粉尘的产生将加速机械部件的磨损,影响机器设备的寿命,并腐蚀和破坏建筑结构,严重时还会引起粉尘的爆炸,造成严重的人员伤亡以及经济损失.如果不对粉尘进行有效的控制和治理,将对工人的身体健康以及生产带来严重的危害.因此,本文将对饲料粉尘产生的原因、危害、监测方法等进行分析,并提出饲料生产过程中粉尘的控制方法和措施,以供饲料生产企业参考.     

饲料厂粉尘防控技术与防爆措施

饲料加工时产生的粉尘可引起环境污染,影响人体健康,严重的会导致爆燃事故。通过引起饲料粉尘爆炸的因素、高浓度粉尘来源进行了分析,提出了饲料厂运行过程中对粉尘防控措施。     

配合饲料加工过程卫生标准操作程序

当前饲料安全问题受到全社会的普遍关注, 为进一步保证饲料安全,我国饲料企业贯彻实施 了危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)技术,而卫生 标准操作程序(SSOP)与良好操作规范(GMP)的 建立是HACCP顺利实施的保证。SSOP是食品加 工企业为达到GMP所规定的要求,确保加工过 程中消除不良的人为因素,使其加工的产品符合 卫生要求而制定的,在食品生产加工过程中如何 实施清洗、消毒和卫生保持的作业指导性文件。 饲料企业应根据具体情况制订SSOP操作程序。 考虑到配合饲料是饲料产品中的重要部分,本文 根据配合饲料加工企业生产实际,针对防止发生 交叉污染,有毒有害化学物质的标记、贮存和使 用,雇员的健康与卫生控制,虫害的灭除等几项 内容建立了配合饲料SSOP操作程序,通过在企 业中贯彻实施该操作程序可减少生产过程中潜 在的危害,从而实现饲料企业的安全生产。     

铝金属粉尘爆炸危险性检测试验研究

本文对某企业铝金属拉丝打磨产生的粉尘分别进行了爆炸危险特性参数测试、粒度分布检测、电镜扫描及能谱微区成分分析。通过检测试验发现采用铝金属拉丝打磨产生的粉尘具有爆炸危险性,并结合铝金属拉丝打磨粉尘的粒度分布、电镜图像及微区成分分析,对粉尘爆炸关键影响因素进行了探讨。     

优化饲料营养与加工条件的筛选方法

面对多种营养指标所反映的饲料质量 ,本文在首先建立各营养指标与加工工艺条件间回归关系的基础上 ,运用数据的无量纲变换方法构造一个关于饲料质量的综合评定方程 ,并据此引入统计频数分析法确定最优的加工工艺条件。同常规的多目标非线性规划相比 ,这种方法求解简便 ,且可以根据生产需要调整各营养指标相对饲料质量的重要程度。以大豆的膨化加工为例演示了方法的整个运作过程     

无公害生猪饲料的危害分析与关键控制点

生产无公害生猪所需的饲料产品必须符合NY5032《无公害食品生猪饲养饲料使用准则》的规定。因此，商品饲料的生产企业和自配饲料的生猪养殖场（户）在生产加工生猪饲料的过程中，在建立和实施良好操作规范（GMP）和卫生标准操作规范（SSOP）基础上，首先需要对原料采购、产品加工、运输和使用的各个环节实际存在和潜在的危害进行危险性分析与评估，找出对饲料产品安全有重大影响的关键控制点并采取相应的预防、控制措施以及纠偏措施，在危害发生之前，对饲料安全、卫生质量实行有效控制，从而最大限度地减少具有危害性的不合格产品出现的风险，确保生猪饲养和食用猪肉的安全。     

基于体外细胞模型的霉菌毒素毒性评价

霉菌毒素是由多种真菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于食品和饲料中。霉菌毒素污染的粮食和饲料会给畜牧业生产和畜产品质量安全带来极大隐患。研究霉菌毒素致毒机理,为今后研究其对动物及人的影响开展更深入更全面的研究提供理论依据。细胞模型作为一种常用的体外试验方法广泛用于毒理学研究中。本文简述了黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)和展青霉素(PAT)的一般特性,并综述了利用细胞模型进行AFB_1、OTA、DON、ZEA和PAT毒性、联合毒性及致毒机理研究的进展。     

饲料厂中央控制系统的研究与虚拟系统的构建

饲料厂中央控制系统是饲料企业生产工艺流程的核心,是保证饲料产品各项指标的关键,文章以双秤配料生产工艺为模型,以labview软件为载体,构建出饲料厂中央控制室虚拟系统,对不同饲料生产工艺控制系统的结构和控制特点进行了研究,在ZK21H配料生产线自控系统的基础上,构建出双秤配料生产工艺的饲料厂中央控制虚拟系统,并对虚拟系统进行了测试,评估其应用的合理性和可操控性。     

基于财务精细化下对饲料企业财务绩效管理研究

财务绩效是财务管理和决策对实现生产经营目标和最终经营业绩的贡献。财务绩效是资金来源配置、资产管理和成本控制效果的综合反映。对于公司来说,管理人和企业投资人共同关注的问题是企业金融管理。财务管理绩效指标评估通常是公司财务绩效管理过程中的一个重要核心内容,其通过科学的财务指标和方法,客观、真实地评价企业的财务贡献。随着我国经济进入新常态和会计电算化的普及,饲料行业也正处于整合和改革的关键时期,也面临着新的挑战。针对饲料加工企业财务绩效评价,优化财务绩效评价体系建设,可以促进饲料加工企业财务工作全面健康发展。本文介绍了基于饲料加工企业的财务绩效评价体系的优化构建方法,并研究其管理应用价值。     

The prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Spanish feed mills and potential feed-related risk factors for contamination

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in feed mills and to identify and evaluate potential risk factors associated with feed contamination. A total of 3844 samples were collected from 523 different feed mills using a stratified sampling method. Samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella using conventional culture methods. When the presence of Salmonella was detected, samples were further characterised using serotyping at the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for animal feed. Additional data about the biosecurity and hygiene measures, feed material used and compound feed produced, were collected by official veterinarians using a questionnaire in situ. In 144 of the feed mills visited (28%), Salmonella were present. However, it was only isolated from 4.8% of samples taken from all of the feed mills (3.5% from feed materials, 3.2% from compound feed and 12.5% from dust of the feed mill facilities). Salmonella serovars of public health importance (Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Infantis, Virchow and Hadar), were detected in only 2.7% of feed mills and in 0.3% of the samples studied. Logistic regression was used to investigate potential feed-mill risk factors for the isolation of Salmonella. Feed mill intake pits were demonstrated to have an increased risk of culture-positive dust samples (OR=6.4; 95% CI: 2.7-15.1). The feed material used in the production of compound feed was associated with recovery of Salmonella. Of the feed material used, cotton seeds were identified as having the highest odds of contamination (OR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.7-8.3). Pelleting appears to reduce the chance of contamination because non-pelleted compound feed is 8 times more likely to be contaminated than pelleted compound feed (OR=8.2; 95% CI: 2.5-26.6). The role of the feed itself in the epidemiology of Salmonella seems to be of limited importance as compound feed is not frequently contaminated at the feed mill level. This should not preclude Salmonella control measures from including all stages of feed production and they should have a risk-based approach according to the findings of this study.     

TMR饲料质量评价体系的研究

本文从上海牛奶集团各个牧场TMR饲料推广的实际经验出发,对TMR饲料生产过程的重要环节进行评价,从而进一步研究TMR饲料产品的质量评价方法,构建了一套行之有效的TMR质量监控体系,为饲料产品安全、奶牛健康和乳制品安全提供重要保证。     

蒸汽爆破技术在玉米秸秆饲料化利用中的研究进展

玉米秸秆是作物残余物中最丰富的木质纤维素生物质之一,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素通过氢键及其他化学键、分子键结合而成,是具有复杂聚合结构的高分子化合物,作为动物饲料的可利用率较低。蒸汽爆破即汽爆,是应用蒸汽弹射原理实现爆炸过程中对生物质预处理的技术。将蒸汽爆破技术应用于玉米秸秆处理,可高效分离纤维素,对玉米秸秆具有明显的解聚作用,有利于提高玉米秸秆的饲料化利用程度。作者介绍了蒸汽爆破工艺原理与参数,综述了蒸汽爆破处理对玉米秸秆纤维结构、化学成分和酶解产糖的影响,以及对玉米秸秆的营养成分消化率和瘤胃微生物附着的影响。已有研究表明,蒸汽爆破可使蒸汽分子渗入植物组织,经过瞬时释放将内能转化为机械能,作用于生物质组织细胞层间,达到原料分解的目的;蒸汽爆破可改变玉米秸秆的纤维结构,降低半纤维素和木质素含量,提高纤维素含量(随着蒸汽爆破的压强和维压时间的增加,半纤维素含量显著降低,而物料含水率的增加会导致纤维素含量升高);蒸汽爆破可提高玉米秸秆体外发酵酶解产糖率,随着蒸汽爆破压强和维压时间的增加,玉米秸秆体外培养酶解还原糖产量增加;蒸汽爆破可使玉米秸秆的体外发酵产气量、产气速率、干物质和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著提高,可提高反刍动物对玉米秸秆的消化利用率,充分利用玉米秸秆的纤维素,提高玉米秸秆的营养价值;蒸汽爆破通过破坏玉米秸秆的表面结构,可促进瘤胃微生物在玉米秸秆上的附着,从而促进玉米秸秆的降解。综上,蒸汽爆破技术处理玉米秸秆可提高其作为饲料的利用率。     

凤眼莲的饲料资源化利用

综述了凤眼莲饲料资源化利用国内外进展情况,提出了凤眼莲饲料资源化利用需要考虑关键问题,即水生植物对动物采食适口性影响、饲喂适宜动物对象、加工调制方法、水体重金属富集对动物健康和畜产品安全潜在风险,指出凤眼莲水体净化、饲喂动物及环境粪便排放等构成循环系统进行科学评价意义.     

Sources of Salmonella contamination during broiler production in Eastern Spain

Prevention of Salmonella contamination of poultry products requires detailed knowledge of the main sources associated with its presence in the production system. The aims of this study were to determine the main sources of Salmonella contamination in broiler production during growing, to assess the risk factors for Salmonella contamination at the end of the rearing period and to determine the main serovars involved in broiler production systems in Eastern Spain. A total of 65 different broiler houses from different farms were sampled. Each house was sampled at different times during the rearing period. First, when the previous flock was taken to the slaughterhouse, samples of dust, surfaces and previous flock faeces were collected. After cleaning and disinfection (C&D), samples of dust and surfaces were also taken. On the first day of rearing, samples of water, bedding, farming boots, meconiums, delivery-box liners and feed were collected. During rearing, feed samples were taken directly from the truck and from feeders. On slaughter day, samples of dust, surfaces, water, feed and faeces were also collected. Finally, two days after slaughter, carriers (rodents, flies and beetles) were trapped. All samples collected were analysed according to ISO 6579:2002 (Annex D) and positive samples were serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique. Our results showed that all different types of samples collected were contaminated with Salmonella (prevalence ranged between 1.5% and 38.6%). The most contaminated samples related with poultry production were: delivery-box liners (32.0%), faeces samples (31.2%), dust samples (25.0%), farming boots (19.7%) and feed from feeders (16.0%). However, the most important risk factors for Salmonella contamination of the flocks at the end of the rearing period were Salmonella status of the house after cleaning and disinfection, Salmonella status of day-old chick flocks and feed from feeders. Twenty-one different serovars were isolated from the samples analysed. The most prevalent were in decreasing order: Salmonella Enteritidis (52.9%), S. Hadar (17.8%), S. Virchow (8.9%) and S. Ohio (5.4%). The study suggested that there are many sources for Salmonella contamination and persistence in broiler production. Hence, the whole production chain needs to be controlled to eradicate the bacteria from primary production.     

Aspects of food safety

This paper reports on some aspects of food safety which will gain more importance in the near future. The legal development in the European Community is explained based on the legal regulation of 2002. The most important topics of the regulation are: inclusion of feed and primary production as part of risk analysis, manufacturers' responsibility for product safety, traceability of food and feed, risk analysis and precautionary principle. Finally, some more future trends are highlighted and pre-conditions are explained for an improved food safety.     

青贮过程中亚硝酸盐转化途径及影响因素研究进展

青贮饲料在畜牧业生产过程中占有非常重要的地位，但是青贮发酵过程中亚硝酸盐积累会严重危害动物生产性能及奶肉品质。亚硝酸盐中毒是家畜在临床上常见的一种食源性的疾病，家畜轻度中毒会影响其生长发育，重度中毒甚至会导致家畜死亡。因此，为减少家畜因食用青贮引发亚硝酸盐中毒的现象，同时提高青贮质量安全，本文阐述了青贮亚硝酸盐的危害、来源、转化途径、青贮过程中亚硝酸盐降解途径及调控措施，以期为青贮中亚硝酸盐降解及调控提供有效参考。