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1.
用水不溶性燕麦木聚糖吸附分离绿木霉木聚糖酶,结果表明,该木聚糖能选择性吸附分离木聚糖酶组分,分离所得两组分均达到电泳纯.未吸附组分(XynⅠ)和吸附组分(XynⅡ)的分子质量分别为29.5和26.5ku,它们对桦木木聚糖的米氏常数分别为1.73和3.16g/L.以纯化酶组分及其混合物水解燕麦木聚糖,采用高效液相色谱分析相应的水解产物,结果表明,XynⅠ降解燕麦木聚糖时,主要降解作用发生在底物中没有取代基的区域,水解产物的聚合度较高;XynⅡ对底物具有更强的适应性,能降解底物中有取代基的区域,相对XynⅠ酶组分,XynⅡ酶组分对低聚合度的木聚糖的活性更高,木二糖为主要降解产物.木聚糖酶组分均为酸性酶,XynⅠ耐酸性范围更宽,而XynⅡ对pH值更为敏感;XynⅠ、XynⅡ的最适反应温度分别为45和55℃;而它们的适宜pH值分别为4.5和5.5.  相似文献   

2.
对采用选择性控制木聚糖酶水解条件制备低聚木糖进行了研究,并同时探讨了以两种木聚糖形式--干粉和湿浆为原料造成的酶解结果差异及其原因.结果表明,目前较适宜的低聚木糖制备工艺为以木聚糖湿浆为底物,底物质量浓度20~40g/L,酶用量1%(体积分数,下同),pH值4.8,温度50℃,酶解时间4 h.造成干粉与湿浆酶解制备低聚糖结果差异的原因,可能是由于这两种底物自身结构特性的差异导致了底物可及度,以及酶与底物吸附作用的不同.结果显示当以干粉为底物,酶用量10%,酶解时间12 h,低聚木糖得率最高可达40%(质量分数)左右,而以湿浆为底物,达到同样低聚糖得率的酶用量和酶解时间分别仅需1%和4 h.  相似文献   

3.
为寻求具有耐热性能的木聚糖酶,笔者以嗜热网球菌(Dictyoglomus thermophilum)DSM3960的基因组为模板,克隆得到木聚糖酶基因xyn B-DT,该基因全长1 083 bp,共编码361个氨基酸,蛋白的理论分子量约为40ku。通过NCBI数据库比对发现该基因编码的蛋白质属于糖苷水解酶G11家族。实现大肠杆菌异源表达重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT,通过IPTG诱导,酶活达到30.6 U/mL。该重组木聚糖酶的最适温度为85℃,在60~80℃范围内均有较好温度稳定性,在60℃条件下保温2 h,酶活维持在90%以上,在90℃下保温2 h,酶活尚残余约50%;最适pH为6.5,在pH为5.0~7.5范围内保温24 h仍可保留约90%剩余酶活力。该酶以Beechwood木聚糖为底物,米氏常数(K_m)和最大反应速率(V_(max))值分别为5.63 mg/mL和1.572 mmol/(L·min~(-1))。以玉米芯木聚糖为底物,研究XynB-DT水解玉米芯木聚糖的条件及产物,结果显示在温度70℃、pH 6.0条件下酶解12 h,加酶量为400 U/g,最终酶解得率为44.3%,玉米芯木聚糖的水解产物主要以木二糖和木三糖为主,表明该木聚糖酶在低聚木糖制备方面具有较大应用潜能。  相似文献   

4.
耐热型木聚糖酶制备工艺的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以木糖渣为碳源,利用耐热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)液体发酵生产木聚糖酶,确立了最佳工艺参数为:木糖渣质量浓度4%,培养温度45摄氏度,转速180r/min,培养基初始pH值4.8,初始C/N为7.1,木聚糖酶活性可达900U/mL。酶学性质研究表明,该酶反应的最适温度为75摄氏度,最适pH值为4.8,该酶的耐热性强,在75摄氏度下温保1h,酶活力剩余85%以上。  相似文献   

5.
为充分利用杨树资源,以杨木加工废弃物杨木屑为原料,研究碱法提取木聚糖的工艺条件,并采取酶法制备低聚木糖。以质量分数为1%的稀硫酸预处理可以有效提高杨木屑木聚糖的得率,较对照组提高了2倍。对比3种碱液(NaOH、KOH和NaHCO_3)提取杨木屑木聚糖的得率,以NaOH提取的木聚糖得率最大。通过单因素和正交试验优化NaOH提取杨木屑木聚糖的条件,结果显示碱液质量分数10%,固液比1∶10(g∶mL),温度120℃下提取3 h所得的木聚糖得率可达到20.7%,且四因素对提取得率的影响显著程度依次为提取温度碱液质量分数提取时间固液比。碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖酸水解后产物由88.69%D-木糖、4.76%纤维二糖和6.62%葡萄糖组成且不含有阿拉伯糖,说明碱法提取的杨木屑木聚糖支链上主要连有木糖。以碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖为底物,优化了来源于嗜热菌Dictyoglomus thermophilum的重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT的酶解适宜条件:在温度70℃,pH 6.0,酶用量3.00 U/m L,反应时间12 h后,杨木屑木聚糖水解产物中以木二糖和木三糖为主,并含有少量木四糖,降解率达86.2%。研究结果为杨木屑木聚糖的高值化利用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

6.
纸浆漂白用木聚糖酶的选择性合成   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) Rut C-30为产酶菌,研究了碳源、培养温度、初始pH值、碳氮比对木聚糖酶和纤维素酶合成的影响.结果表明,粗木聚糖和亚硫酸盐纸浆混合作为碳源有利于木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的合成;低温有利于木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的合成,但产酶时间较长,高温对木聚糖酶的合成有一定的影响,对纤维素酶的合成能有效地抑制,且产酶时间较短;初始pH值低有利于纤维素酶的合成,初始pH值高则延长了木聚糖酶的合成时间,且强烈抑制纤维素酶的合成;低碳氮比有利于纤维素酶的合成,高碳氮比使得木聚糖酶的合成滞后,能够有效抑制纤维素酶的合成.以粗木聚糖和亚硫酸盐纸浆混合作为碳源,调控培养温度、初始pH值和碳氮比能有效地促进木聚糖酶的合成,抑制纤维素酶的合成,致使木聚糖酶活与纤维素酶活的比值提高,从而有利于选择性合成纸浆漂白用木聚糖酶,调控培养方式为:提高碳氮比(7.2)和初始pH值(6.0),在培养初期(1 d)培养温度为35~36 ℃,中后期培养温度25~26 ℃,调控6 d后,木聚糖酶酶活和纤维素酶酶活分别为186.93和0.156 IU/mL,酶活比为1 198.  相似文献   

7.
链霉菌D21产木聚糖酶的发酵条件研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
研究了链霉菌D21产木聚糖酶发酵条件的优化.单因素优化试验结果表明,水不溶玉米芯木聚糖为最佳碳源和诱导物,牛肉蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适pH值为6.0,最适培养温度40℃.在此条件下,培养4d木聚糖酶活力达到1128U/mL.  相似文献   

8.
分别研究了粗木聚糖酶和纯化的木聚糖酶在超滤膜反应器(UMR)和常规反应器(CSBR)中的酶解特性。粗木聚糖酶或纯木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,反应进行了525 m in时所得产品中低聚木糖各组分的质量分数(木二糖~木五糖)均在20%左右,木糖质量分数约为9.5%。在UMR中粗木聚糖酶降解木聚糖时的低聚木糖得率、低聚木糖占总糖的比例和低聚木糖生产能力比纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中分别高19.1%、14.8%和13.5%;而木糖的得率却低55.2%。粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖~木五糖组分含量基本相等;纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖含量较高。同纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解特性相比,粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖可以制得高质量低聚木糖。  相似文献   

9.
以木糖为原料,加入适量的山梨醇与柠檬酸,以高温聚合法制备低聚木糖;随后将其与氢氧化钠溶液混合反应制备纳米木聚糖。结果表明:当木糖、山梨醇、柠檬酸的物料比为18∶6∶1,处理温度为170℃,处理时间为1 h时,低聚木糖的产率最高;当碱液浓度3.5%,处理温度为60℃,处理时间为2 h时,制得的纳米木聚糖粒径较小。抗菌试验表明:纳米木聚糖在金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌中的抑菌圈直径分别为11 mm和12 mm,显示出良好的抗菌效果。  相似文献   

10.
对采用选择性控制木聚糖酶水解条件制备低聚木糖进行了研究,并同时探讨了以两种木聚糖形式——干粉和湿浆为原料造成的酶解结果差异及其原因。结果表明,目前较适宜的低聚木糖制备工艺为:以木聚糖湿浆为底物,底物质量浓度20~40g/L,酶用量1%(体积分数,下同),pH值4、8,温度50℃,酶解时间4h。造成干粉与湿浆酶解制备低聚糖结果差异的原因,可能是由于这两种底物自身结构特性的差异导致了底物可及度,以及酶与底物吸附作用的不同。结果显示当以干粉为底物,酶用量10%,酶解时间12h,低聚木糖得率最高可达40%(质量分数)左右,而以湿浆为底物,达到同样低聚糖得率的酶用量和酶解时间分别仅需1%和4h。  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > TithoniaEuphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.  相似文献   

15.

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.  相似文献   

16.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

17.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

19.
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.  相似文献   

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