1981—2009年新疆小麦和玉米物候期与气候条件变化研究

选取新疆地区1981—2009年17个农业气象观测站的作物(包括春小麦、冬小麦、春玉米和夏玉米)物候资料,利用统计方法分析了作物物候和各生长阶段气候条件的变化趋势。结果表明,春小麦播种、抽穗和成熟期分别提前2.0、3.2和3.3 d·10a~(-1);冬小麦播种期平均推迟1.2 d·10a~(-1),而抽穗和成熟期分别提前4.7 d·10a~(-1)和2.8 d·10a~(-1);春玉米和夏玉米物候期主要呈提前趋势,其中夏玉米播种期平均提前达11.0 d·10a~(-1)。物候的提前或推迟一定程度上导致作物各生长阶段历时发生改变。分析发现新疆地区春小麦营养生长阶段(播种—抽穗)平均缩短1.2 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段(抽穗—成熟)平均仅缩短0.1 d·10a~(-1)。冬小麦营养生长阶段与生殖生长阶段呈相反的变化趋势,营养生长阶段平均缩短达5.9 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段却平均延长了1.9 d·10a~(-1),导致整个生育期平均缩短4.0 d·10a~(-1)。春玉米和夏玉米各生长阶段主要呈延长趋势,春玉米营养生长阶段、生殖生长阶段和整个生长阶段分别平均延长0.8 d·10a~(-1)、1.5 d·10a~(-1)和2.3 d·10a~(-1);夏玉米3个生长阶段分别平均延长7.2d·10a~(-1)、1.2 d·10a~(-1)和8.3 d·10a~(-1)。分析研究区1981—2009年不同作物类型各生长阶段气候因子的变化趋势结果表明,大部分研究站点,作物各生长阶段最高温度和最低温度均呈增加趋势,同时其生殖生长阶段的日温差主要呈降低趋势。分析降水变化趋势表明,除春小麦和春玉米生殖生长阶段降水呈增加趋势外,大部分研究站点降水变化趋势不明显。     

河北省冬小麦生长和产量对气候变化的响应

利用河北省1981-2007年冬小麦产量资料和冬麦区23个农业气象站点冬小麦全生育期观测资料、逐日气象资料,采用最小二乘法、相关分析、通径分析等方法,分析冬小麦生长发育和产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:冬小麦冬前各生育期、北部麦区起身期、中南部抽穗－开花期平均气温下降,其他发育期平均气温升高;各发育期平均日照时数减少;降水总量冬前增加,冬后减少。冬小麦冬前生育期延后,冬后生育期提前;播种－分蘖期和抽穗－成熟期延长,其他发育期缩短,实际生长天数变化不大。不同生育期内气象要素对冬小麦发育进程和产量影响不同:气温是影响发育进程的主要气象因子,各发育期内均有较大影响;降水对返青后发育进程影响较大;日照主要影响灌浆成熟期。北部麦区气象产量主要受冬前分蘖期、越冬期、起身－拔节期的气温,开花－成熟期的气温和日照,拔节－抽穗期的降水量影响;中南部麦区气象产量主要受全生育期降水量(以返青－抽穗期最为突出)、开花－成熟期的气温和日照影响。     

气候变化对陇东塬区玉米播种期的影响

采用数理统计分析方法对西峰农业气象试验站近16年来玉米观测资料和西峰国家基准气象站近35年来气象观测资料进行了详细分析计算,分析结果认为,气候变化使陇东塬区玉米生育期缩短,玉米主要发育期(出苗、拔节、开花、乳熟、成熟)较历年均提前,提前幅度最大的是乳熟和成熟期;玉米生育期内气温偏高,热量增加,降水分配极不均衡,降水量和日照时数呈逐年减少趋势,气候变化对玉米播种出苗和开花至成熟期的生长影响较大;本区传统的玉米适宜播种期已经不适应现在气候背景下玉米生产需要;当玉米播种期提前5～10 d后,玉米的播种出苗期、拔节抽雄期等生长关键期能够避免春旱、初夏旱、伏旱等气象灾害的影响,并使玉米生产的关键期处于有利的气候条件下,对提高产量十分有利.     

陕西省彬县近53年来气温及降水变化对白梨物候的影响

对陕西省气象局1957—2009年气温与降雨资料及陕西省经济作物气象服务台2001—2009年白梨物候观测资料进行了统计分析。结果表明:近53年来彬县气温呈极显著线性上升趋势,平均上升0.178℃/10a,降水量呈下降趋势,平均减少8.57 mm/10a,气候趋向暖干化;气温是影响白梨物候变化的主要因子,气候变暖,白梨成熟前物候期提前,成熟需要时间缩短,落叶期延迟,使得整个生长发育期变长;气候趋向暖干化增加了白梨生长需要的热量,减少白梨在春季花期冻害;7—8月是白梨生长需水期,降雨呈减少趋势,应注意补水灌溉。     

近45年来甘肃省雨养农业区气候变化的时空特征

为了探索影响雨养农业区农业生产的关键气象要素——气温和降水的变化特征,以甘肃省雨养农业区55个气象站1971—2015年气温和降水实测资料为基础,采用线性倾向率法、空间插值及Mann-Kendall法对研究区气温和降水量的时空变化特征及突变进行了分析。结果表明:近45年来,甘肃省雨养农业区气温呈明显的上升趋势,以0.36℃·10a ~(-1)的速率显著增暖,20世纪90年代后进入快速增温阶段,且在1996年发生突变;年降水量总体呈减少趋势,存在强烈波动变化,以-2.57 mm·10a ~(-1)的速率缓慢下降,1988年发生突变。从空间分布来看,年均气温总体呈现出由北向南、由西向东递增的规律,气温随海拔升高而降低,而气温倾向率呈现出由北向南、由西向东递减的规律,以甘南高海拔地区增温速率最大,达0.47℃·10a ~(-1);研究区降水量空间变化不规律,呈现出研究区中部地区降水少,四周降水较多的空间格局,降水量随海拔升高而逐渐增大,而降水倾向率自西向东递减,陇东半干旱地区出现降水量小幅度的增加,变化速率为2.54 mm·10a ~(-1),气温及降水变化具有明显的空间差异性。陇东地区呈现暖湿化态势,其他区域整体朝着暖干化方向发展。     

旱作覆膜玉米生长和水分利用对气候变化的响应

基于3 a连续冬小麦-夏玉米覆膜轮作试验校准和验证AquaCrop模型的适用性,模拟研究了气候变化对夏玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响,分析了覆膜措施对气候变化的应对效果。结果表明:关中地区(以武功、宝鸡和西安地区为例)年平均温度呈逐年递增趋势,温度增加幅度由高到低依次为宝鸡、西安和武功,增温速率分别为0.20、0.12℃·10a~(-1)和0.09℃·10a~(-1);降雨量呈逐年递减趋势,减少幅度大小依次为西安、宝鸡和武功,减小量分别为3.59、3.23 mm·10a~(-1)和2.64 mm·10a~(-1)。AquaCrop模型在关中地区表现出了良好的适用性,可以较好地模拟连续覆膜条件下作物的产量指标、水分利用和生长的动态变化,冠层覆盖度模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)介于1.1%～15.3%,生物量模拟值和实测值之间的RMSE介于0.626～2.540 t·hm~(-2),土壤贮水量模拟值和实测值之间的RMSE介于12.6～47.4 mm。模拟研究表明,上世纪60年代以来,随着气温不断升高,武功、宝鸡和西安地区的夏玉米生育期均呈逐年缩短趋势,特别是1980s以来,减少幅度达2.76、4.82 d·10a~(-1)和5.94 d·10a~(-1);在不同的降水年型下,覆膜处理产量均高于裸地处理,且其变异系数较小;在干旱气候条件下,覆膜处理依然可以获得一定的籽粒产量,与裸地处理相比,覆膜处理表现出了较好的稳产效应。同时,覆膜处理有效减少了玉米苗期土壤表层蒸发(平均减少7.6 mm),从而在土壤中保蓄更多的降雨;覆膜处理虽然增加了土壤耗水量,但其通过保蓄土壤水分,稳定作物产量,有效提高了玉米的水分利用效率。因此,关中地区旱作覆膜可以有效适应当地气候变化,在一定程度上应对干旱气候,具有较好的增产稳产效应。     

叶尔羌河平原绿洲气候变化对粮食生产的影响

为分析叶尔羌河流域粮食生产状况及其对气候变化的响应,利用气象、农业数据,结合线性趋势、累积距平、突变分析等方法,分析近60多年来研究区的气候变化特征及其对农业气候资源、粮食播种面积、粮食单产的影响,并构建多元线性回归方程模拟预测未来粮食产量的变化。结果表明:(1)近60多年来研究区表现出明显的暖湿化趋势。气温增长倾向率为0.24℃·(10a)~(-1)(P0.01),降水量增湿倾向率为4.49 mm·(10a)~(-1)(P0.05),日照时数呈减小趋势,倾向率为21.06 h·(10a)~(-1)。气温在1996年发生突变,降水量、日照时数未出现明显突变点。(2)随着气候变暖,近60多年≥10℃积温持续时间延长了19 d,负积温持续时间缩短了8 d。(3)除负积温外,粮食产量与气温、日照时数、≥10℃积温、播种面积及单产、化肥施用量呈正相关。(4)多元回归模型显示,在不考虑其他要素的前提下,引入的7个自变量因子可以解释粮食产量变异的99.70%。气候变化在一定程度上有利于粮食播种面积的扩大和单产的提高。     

叶尔羌河平原绿洲气候变化对粮食生产的影响北大核心CSCD

为分析叶尔羌河流域粮食生产状况及其对气候变化的响应,利用气象、农业数据,结合线性趋势、累积距平、突变分析等方法,分析近60多年来研究区的气候变化特征及其对农业气候资源、粮食播种面积、粮食单产的影响,并构建多元线性回归方程模拟预测未来粮食产量的变化。结果表明：（1）近60多年来研究区表现出明显的暖湿化趋势。气温增长倾向率为0.24℃·（10a）^-1（P〈0.01）,降水量增湿倾向率为4.49 mm·（10a）^-1（P〈0.05）,日照时数呈减小趋势,倾向率为21.06 h·（10a）^-1。气温在1996年发生突变,降水量、日照时数未出现明显突变点。（2）随着气候变暖,近60多年≥10℃积温持续时间延长了19 d,负积温持续时间缩短了8 d。（3）除负积温外,粮食产量与气温、日照时数、≥10℃积温、播种面积及单产、化肥施用量呈正相关。（4）多元回归模型显示,在不考虑其他要素的前提下,引入的7个自变量因子可以解释粮食产量变异的99.70%。气候变化在一定程度上有利于粮食播种面积的扩大和单产的提高。     

黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯产量对气候变化的响应

为探讨气候变化背景下,黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯生育期气象要素的变化规律及其对马铃薯生长发育的影响,本研究基于黄土高原半干旱区定位观测试验,结合气象要素观测资料,研究了半干旱区马铃薯产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明,1960—2020年61 a间,马铃薯生育期气温和积温显著升高,气候倾向率分别为0.32℃·10a^-1和48.14℃·10a^-1(P<0.01);降水量波动减少,气候倾向率为3.97 mm·10a^-1(P<0.05);日照时数显著减少,气候倾向率为10.92 h·10a^-1(P<0.05)。但2005—2020年16 a间,马铃薯生育期气温显著下降,气候倾向率为-0.54℃·10a^-1(P<0.01),各生育时期气温均呈下降趋势,其中块茎膨大～成熟期气温下降最明显,气候倾向率为-1.18℃·10a^-1,通过0.01水平显著性检验;马铃薯生育期降水量增加显著,气候倾向率为13.89 mm·10a^-1(P&l...     

西北半干旱区主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应

应用西北半干旱区33个气象站1951-2004年温度、降水等气象观测资料、气象灾害统计资料和不同海拔高度代表点主要作物生长发育观测资料,分析西北半干旱区主要气候要素变化规律,主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应。结果表明:西北半干旱区降水量近55a来年际变化趋势除个别地方外,绝大多数地区呈下降趋势,气温距平呈上升趋势。由于气候变暖,冬小麦越冬死亡率有所下降,冬小麦越冬天数有所减少,整个生育期缩短。生态气候环境变化比较有利于冬小麦生长。同时由于冬季气温升高也带来了冬小麦小穗发育不良,不孕小穗增多等不良影响。冬季气温升高对冬小麦生长发育产生了较大影响。气候暖干化使玉米各发育期日期提前,全生育期生长天数缩短。春秋季气温增高有利于马铃薯生长发育及产量形成。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.