基于AquaCrop模型的夏玉米生长模拟及灌溉制度优化

为评价AquaCrop模型在关中地区的适用性并寻求最佳的灌溉制度，对夏玉米在不同灌溉与施氮水平下的生长进行模拟和验证，并利用校验后的模型研究了3种不同降雨年型以及11种灌溉模式下夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明：AquaCrop模型可以较好地模拟关中地区不同灌溉与施氮水平下夏玉米产量和生物量，模型模拟的产量与实测值之间的决定系数（R²）、均方根误差（RMSE）、标准均方根误差（NRMSE）、符合度指数（d）和纳什效率系数（E_NS）分别为0.919、0.249 t·hm^-2、4.112、0.977和0.915；对于地上部生物量，模拟值与实测值的R²、RMSE、NRMSE、d和E_NS分别为0.860、0.977 t·hm^-2、6.407、0.933和0.694。利用校验后的模型分析了试验区内3种不同降水年型条件下11种灌溉模式的夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征，依据模拟结果及夏玉米生理需水规律，同时为了实现高产和高水分利用效率，得出不同年型的优化灌溉制度为：若能保证出苗整齐，湿润年可不灌水，此时也能获得较高产量和水分利用效率；平水年推荐在拔节期灌水60 mm，能节约50%水资源，亦能保证稳产；干旱年推荐在拔节期和抽雄期各灌水60 mm，可获得高产和高水分利用效率。     

基于覆膜积温补偿效应的AquaCrop模型优化模拟

基于2013—2018年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田间试验数据,分析冬小麦和夏玉米覆膜积温补偿效应的特征,估算黄土高原南部覆膜积温补偿效应系数的值域范围,分析利用模型自带参数（方法一）和覆膜积温补偿系数（方法二）两种方法在AquaCrop模型中引入覆膜积温补偿效应的优劣性。结果表明：冬小麦在播种至越冬期,覆膜处理主要表现出增加土壤温度的作用;在返青期至成熟期,覆膜处理增加土壤温度的作用逐步消失,随之出现降低土壤温度的作用;夏玉米整个生育期内,覆膜处理均表现出较好的增加土壤温度的作用;冬小麦生育期内覆膜积温补偿效应在越冬后期出现一定的作用时间阈值。冬小麦播种~出苗阶段覆膜积温补偿系数平均值为1.08,出苗~越冬期阶段平均值为0.54;夏玉米播种~出苗阶段覆膜积温补偿系数平均值为0.81,出苗~抽雄期阶段平均值为0.63;在作物生长前期,覆膜增加地温加速作物生长的效果较好,覆膜积温补偿效应更明显。在AquaCrop模型中,相比方法一,方法二在冠层覆盖度、地上部生物量、作物产量和土壤贮水量模拟方面均表现出了一定的优势,且其能更好地解释覆膜措施对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物发育进程的影响。     

两种轮作模式下垄沟覆膜夏玉米适播密度的研究

为确定基于垄沟集雨覆膜栽培的冬油菜-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏玉米2种轮作模式下夏玉米的最适播种密度,于2019年设置5月28日(B1,冬油菜-夏玉米轮作模式下夏玉米播期)和6月15日(B2,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式下夏玉米播期)2个播期,每个播期均设置平作不覆盖5万株·hm~(-2)(CK)、垄沟覆膜5万株·hm~(-2)(M1)、垄沟覆膜7.5万株·hm~(-2)(M2)和垄沟覆膜10万株·hm~(-2)(M_3)4个处理,分析比较了种植方式和密度对2种轮作模式下夏玉米田间土壤储水量、土壤温度、灌浆期根系及地上部生长特征、产量及水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明:垄沟覆膜可显著提高夏玉米全生育期内0～100 cm土层土壤储水量和0～200 cm土层水分利用效率50.2%～82.0%,提高生育前期0～25 cm土层土壤温度1.6～3.6℃,但对生育中后期(拔节后)的土壤温度影响不显著。同时,覆膜夏玉米具有更大的地上部干质量和更加发达的根系。随着种植密度的提高,B1和B2夏玉米茎粗、单株叶面积下降,群体叶面积指数和干物质量上升,其中密度每增加2.5万株·hm~(-2),单株叶面积平均下降6.7%～14.3%,群体叶面积指数平均增加20.4%～33.7%。成熟期穗长、穗粗、行粒数和百粒重均随着种植密度的增加而下降,其中密度每增加2.5万株·hm~(-2),百粒重平均下降4.5%～19.6%。B1夏玉米生育期内有效积温比B2高153.2℃,生育期延长8 d;同一密度水平下,B1覆膜处理夏玉米根系及地上部生长状况优于B2,其中产量较B2平均提高3.7%～21.3%。B1和B2夏玉米分别在垄沟覆膜10万株·hm~(-2)和垄沟覆膜7.5万株·hm~(-2)时获得最高产量,分别为12 522.5 kg·hm~(-2)和11 492 kg·hm~(-2),表明冬油菜-夏玉米轮作模式下,覆膜夏玉米的生长状况和产量均优于冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,其适宜种植密度也相应提高。     

1981—2009年新疆小麦和玉米物候期与气候条件变化研究

选取新疆地区1981—2009年17个农业气象观测站的作物(包括春小麦、冬小麦、春玉米和夏玉米)物候资料,利用统计方法分析了作物物候和各生长阶段气候条件的变化趋势。结果表明,春小麦播种、抽穗和成熟期分别提前2.0、3.2和3.3 d·10a~(-1);冬小麦播种期平均推迟1.2 d·10a~(-1),而抽穗和成熟期分别提前4.7 d·10a~(-1)和2.8 d·10a~(-1);春玉米和夏玉米物候期主要呈提前趋势,其中夏玉米播种期平均提前达11.0 d·10a~(-1)。物候的提前或推迟一定程度上导致作物各生长阶段历时发生改变。分析发现新疆地区春小麦营养生长阶段(播种—抽穗)平均缩短1.2 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段(抽穗—成熟)平均仅缩短0.1 d·10a~(-1)。冬小麦营养生长阶段与生殖生长阶段呈相反的变化趋势,营养生长阶段平均缩短达5.9 d·10a~(-1),而生殖生长阶段却平均延长了1.9 d·10a~(-1),导致整个生育期平均缩短4.0 d·10a~(-1)。春玉米和夏玉米各生长阶段主要呈延长趋势,春玉米营养生长阶段、生殖生长阶段和整个生长阶段分别平均延长0.8 d·10a~(-1)、1.5 d·10a~(-1)和2.3 d·10a~(-1);夏玉米3个生长阶段分别平均延长7.2d·10a~(-1)、1.2 d·10a~(-1)和8.3 d·10a~(-1)。分析研究区1981—2009年不同作物类型各生长阶段气候因子的变化趋势结果表明,大部分研究站点,作物各生长阶段最高温度和最低温度均呈增加趋势,同时其生殖生长阶段的日温差主要呈降低趋势。分析降水变化趋势表明,除春小麦和春玉米生殖生长阶段降水呈增加趋势外,大部分研究站点降水变化趋势不明显。     

地面覆盖的保水增产效应及其机理研究

通过两年的夏玉米微区试验(带遮雨棚)分析麦草覆盖和地膜覆盖的保水增产效果及其作用机理。结果表明:在排除降水影响的条件下,地面覆盖均能增加产量。地膜覆盖增产效果明显,水分利用率高;麦草覆盖保水效果显著,但增产效果较低。休闲时,麦草覆盖和地膜覆盖均明显增加了0~60 cm土层土壤的储水量,分别比不覆盖高10.2 mm和7.4 mm;在种植玉米的条件下,覆草处理的土壤储水量增加16.1 mm;而覆膜处理则减少了13.0 mm。对硝态氮而言,休闲状态下覆草处理的硝态氮在土壤表层的聚集较裸地少,而覆膜处理则相反;种植玉米时,覆草和覆膜处理均可减少硝态氮在表层土壤的聚集,且覆膜的效果大于覆草处理。     

河西走廊地区气候变化对灌溉春小麦生长的影响

应用甘肃省武威荒漠生态与农业气象试验站1981—2019年灌溉春小麦观测资料,采用线性回归分析、相关分析、Cubic函数等方法,分析了近39年气候变化对灌溉春小麦生长的影响。结果表明:1951—2019年该地区气候变化呈现暖湿化趋势,气温、降水量变化的线性倾向率分别为0.326℃·10a~(-1)、5.694 mm·10a~(-1);灌溉春小麦对气候变化的响应表现在春季发育期每10 a延后0～1 d,夏季发育期每10 a提前1～2 d,生育期每10 a缩短2～3 d,产量每10 a增加500～550 kg·hm~(-2)·10a~(-1);相关分析显示,气温对灌溉春小麦生长的影响程度高于降水量、日照时数和≥0℃活动积温;在灌溉春小麦整个生长发育过程中,其阶段生长和产量对气候变化的响应不完全一致,气候变化使该地区播种～三叶期的营养生长阶段延长,拔节～成熟期的生殖生长阶段缩短,全生长期缩短;拔节～抽穗期气温增加对灌溉春小麦产量增加有极显著的正效应(相关系数R=0.431),播种～成熟期气温增加对灌溉春小麦产量增加有显著的正效应(相关系数R=0.354)。气候暖湿化使河西走廊地区热量资源丰富,提高了作物增产潜力,但也使得病虫害加剧,防控难度加大。该地区灌溉春小麦生长变化是作物响应气候变化和农业生产适应气候变化的共同结果。     

不同前茬与施氮量对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响

研究了不同前茬(冬油菜茬、冬小麦茬)与不同施氮量(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N120,120 kg·hm~(-2);N240,240 kg·hm~(-2))对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:施氮显著增加了夏玉米产量,与不施氮比较,冬油菜茬和冬小麦茬分别增产9.76%~24.88%和12.56%~22.50%,且冬油菜茬的产量高于冬小麦茬6.40%~11.05%。同一茬口不同处理间夏玉米田土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量为N_(240)N_(120)N_0,N_0、N_(120)和N_(240)处理下冬油菜茬土壤TOC含量分别高于冬小麦茬1.07~1.70、1.07~1.93 g·kg~(~(-1))和0.77~1.60 g·kg~(~(-1))。两种前茬下,夏玉米出苗至成熟土壤易氧化有机碳(EOOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,冬油菜茬土壤EOOC和POC含量分别高于冬小麦茬0.09~4.91 mg·kg~(~(-1))和0.05~0.27 g·kg~(~(-1))。施氮对土壤EOOC和POC的贡献率分别为0.34%~3.45%和10.14%~51.41%。综上分析,施氮有利于增加半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量,并能促进土壤有机碳库的积累。在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,复播夏玉米以冬油菜茬为优,且施氮量以240 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

夏玉米地膜覆盖栽培的生态效应研究

通过限水条件下夏玉米地膜覆盖栽培实验,研究了夏季地膜覆盖对夏玉米农大108的生态效应。田间试验表明,覆膜处理后土壤保湿能力明显增强,覆膜灌水和覆膜处理土壤耕层含水量分别比对照裸地常规灌水处理增加25.6%和14.4%;覆膜处理耕层土壤温度高于对照,平均地温差在上午8∶00最高,5cm处可达3.6℃,14∶00覆膜和对照处理温差最小,两种处理的温度变化均在根系生长的范围内;另外,耕层土壤速效磷和有机质在覆膜和覆膜灌水处理下分别增加127%、57%和8.6%、7.1%;覆膜灌水和覆膜处理下的叶片可溶性糖含量较对照增加了14.4%和14.7%,产量分别增加了11.2%和4.0%。     

垄沟覆盖种植对晚播夏玉米生长和产量的补偿效应

针对晚播对夏玉米生长发育造成的不利影响,采用垄覆膜沟不覆盖（LN）、垄覆膜沟覆秸秆（LJ）和垄沟全覆膜（LM）3种垄沟种植方式,以常规播期平作不覆盖（CK1）和晚播平作不覆盖（CK2）为对照,分析了不同垄沟种植方式对晚播夏玉米农田土壤水分、土壤温度及玉米生长和产量的影响,对比不同垄沟覆盖种植方式对晚播玉米生长的补偿效应。结果表明：垄沟种植显著提升了夏玉米0~25 cm土层土壤温度,促进了晚播夏玉米生长;生育期内多雨导致各处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水率一直在18%（75%田间持水率）或更高水平,覆膜对土壤水分的影响不明显;垄沟种植夏玉米整体生长状态在8月中下旬（抽雄~灌浆阶段）与CK1处理达到相同水平;地上部干物质量在成熟期达到或超过CK1处理水平;低温多雨导致晚播夏玉米生育期延长了8~9 d;垄沟种植处理倒伏率较低,最高值仅为3%,平作处理倒伏严重,CK1和CK2处理倒伏率分别达73.1%和20.1%;CK2处理全生育期各项生长及产量指标均较低,LJ处理前期生长状态差,后期贪长,最终相对CK1处理减产7.9%;LN处理产量9 783.8 kg·hm^-2,与CK1处理持平,LM处理达到最高产量11 101.7 kg·hm^-2,相对CK1处理增产12.2%。综合考虑土壤水热、夏玉米生长、产量等各方面因素,多雨条件下垄沟全覆膜方式对晚播玉米生长达到了最好的补偿效果。     

有机无机配施对旱地春玉米产量及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验,研究夏旱发生年份有机无机配施对旱地春玉米产量及水分利用状况的影响.结果表明,施肥处理显著提高旱地春玉米产量(1.49 ～ 2.63 t/hm2)和水分利用效率WUE(41.3％～72.3％)、降水利用效率PUE(45.7％～80.7％).以有机无机配施的处理产量(5.89 t/hm2)和WUE[13.15 kg/(hm2·mm)]、PUE[14.39 kg/(hm2·mm)]最高.增施有机肥极显著降低了表层(0 ～ 40 cm)土壤容重,增加了土壤总孔隙度,提高了土壤的蓄水保墒能力.在夏旱发生前期,由于降雨和土壤贮水稳定,施肥处理尤其是有机肥处理能够提高表层(0 ～ 60 cm)土壤含水量,60 ～ 200 cm土层土壤含水量变化不明显.随着夏旱发生程度的加剧,0～ 200 cm土层含水量持续降低,各处理的表层土壤含水量无明显差异.同时,施肥处理条件下由于作物生长耗水量持续增加,对深层土壤贮水消耗增加,导致40 cm以下的土壤含水量较无肥处理下降较快.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.