网箱锦鲤繁育技术

锦鲤体色艳丽、形态优雅 ,被誉为“水中活宝石” ,是深受人们喜爱的观赏鱼类 ,市场前景广阔。笔者于 2 0 0 1年 3月在水库网箱养鱼点进行锦鲤的人工繁殖和夏花培育试验 ,取得较好的经济效益。该试验方法具有节地、操作简便、高产高效等优点 ,现将有关技术总结如下。1　水库条件及网箱设置试验在泉州市远郊一个山谷型水库进行。水库常年水面 6 0hm2 ,水质清新无污染 ,水中溶氧充足 ,透明度在 80cm以上 ,pH值为 7 5。网箱种类、规格及网目大小见表 1。表 1　网箱的规格及网目大小网箱种类网目规格及长×宽×高(m) 网目大小备　　注亲鱼培育箱…     

建鲤养殖技术之二:建鲤催产的新模式

自1994年开始,山东省茌平县水产局即探索出用双层网箱催产建鲤的新方法,又经过10年的不断完善,形成“摇篮式”网箱催产的新模式,并在生产实践中获得很大成功,其受精率、集卵率、孵化率等较之常规池塘催产方式分别提高20％、50％、20％以上,深受广大群众欢迎。     

蓝色鳞鲤(Cyprinus carpio blue var)同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法对蓝色鳞鲤(Cyprinus carpio blue var)进行同工酶分析。结果表明:在蓝色鳞鲤的眼睛、肌肉、肝脏、心脏、肾脏5种组织中,14种酶(LDH、ADH、GDH、MDH、G-6-PDH、EST、POD、SDH、FDH、SOD、α-AMY、CAT、COX、ME)的同工酶谱均存在明显的组织特异性。14种酶共记录出33个基因位点,其中α-Amy-2、Cox-2、Est-1、Ldh-1、Mdh-1、Mdh-2和Sod-1为多态位点。蓝色鳞鲤群体的多态位点百分数为21.21%(P0.99),平均预期杂合度和平均实际杂合度分别为0.1079和0.2121,遗传偏离指数(d)值为正。平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.24。实验表明,目前蓝色鳞鲤群体的种质资源状况尚好,表现出明显的杂交优势。     

鲤鱼的补偿生长及饥饿对淀粉酶的影响

在26℃的条件下，对鲤鱼分别进行了饥饿生长试验，并对各组鲤鱼再饥饿开始前，饥饿结束后，恢复生长结束后的体重及淀粉酶活性进行了测定。结果表明鲤鱼的恢复生长属于部分（有限）补偿生长。而淀粉酶的活性则表现为再饥饿后呈上升趋势，恢复生长后则下降，且消化道的淀粉酶活性变化大于消化腺的淀分酶活性变化。     

甲砜霉素在鲤鱼中的药代动力学研究

本实验在(26±2)℃的养殖水温下,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)研究了以30 mg/(kg·bw)的剂量对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)进行单次投喂药饵后甲砜霉素(Thiamphenicol,TAP)在鲤鱼体内的药物代谢动力学。通过DAS 2.0动力学软件分析TAP在鲤鱼体内的药–时数据,结果表明符合一级吸收二室模型。TAP在肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、鱼皮、鳃、脾脏和血浆各组织的药物达峰时间(T_(peak))分别为16、2、16、8、0、2和16 h,达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为15.6、35.3、12.4、9.0、33.0、11.6 mg/kg和21.0 mg/L;药–时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为1084.5、1578.1、777.3、541.1、0.1、478.1 mg/(kg·h)和485.1 mg/(L·h),消除半衰期(t_(1/2β))分别为11.4、100.2、54.2、41.1、69.5、38.0和71.9 h。TAP在鲤鱼体内各组织的分布和消除速率相差较大;在肾脏中的药物达峰时间短且达峰浓度高于其他组织,其消除半衰期也明显高于其他组织,推测肾脏是鲤鱼体内TAP蓄积和代谢的主要器官。按照农业部《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》文件规定,TAP在水产动物中最高残留限量(MRL)不得高于50μg/kg,本研究中,肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、鱼皮、脾脏和血浆的TAP残留量低于MRL的时间分别从第16、16、12、12、12、10和12天开始,将肌肉和肾脏作为TAP药物残留的靶组织,建议休药期不得低于16 d。     

Gene structure of carp Cyprinus carpio cathepsin B

ABSTRACT:   The 2474 nucleotides of carp cathepsin B gene (corresponding to the part of open reading frame and 3'non-coding region of cDNA) have been determined by polymerase chain reaction cloning, which was organized into nine exons and eight introns. The boundary sequences of the exon-intron junctions conformed to the GT/AG consensus rule. One polyadenylation signal sequece of AATAAA was found in the 3'non-coding region. The sizes of the determined introns were approximately 100-200 bp in length (varied from 71 bp-239 bp), which were significantly shorter than those of mouse cathepsin B gene.     

建鲤和黑龙江野鲤自交以及正反交子代生长比较

以建鲤和黑龙江野鲤为亲本,建立黑龙江野鲤自交群体(HH)、建鲤自交群体(JJ)、黑龙江野鲤♀×建鲤♂群体(HJ)以及建鲤♀×黑龙江野鲤♂群体(JH)。于养殖198 d和588 d时测量体重、体长、体高和体厚4个生长参数。对生长性状、增重率、肥满度以及生长指数进行方差分析和LSD多重比较。结果表明,不同交配组合在这些指标上均有极显著差异(P0.01)。养殖198 d和588 d时,4个群体体重和体长大小顺序均为JHHHHJJJ。4个群体的绝对增重率和特定增重率均随养殖时间而减小。4个群体中,HJ在不同养殖时间内,特定增重率均为最大,JJ群体均为最小;而JH在不同养殖时间内,绝对增重率均为最大,198 d时JJ群体最小,588 d时HH群体最小,说明杂种群体生长性能优于自交群体。在不同的养殖时间内,JJ群体的肥满度均大于其他群体,随养殖时间增加,HH、JJ及HJ群体肥满度不断增大,而JH群体恰恰相反。4个群体的生长指数随养殖时间而增大,并均以JH群体生长指数最大。杂种优势分析表明,HJ群体体型介于黑龙江野鲤和建鲤中间,并随着养殖时间的增加,体型逐渐接近黑龙江野鲤。JH群体在养殖第588天时体高和体厚超黑龙江野鲤杂种优势出现了负值,其余数值均为正值,表现出显著的杂种优势。不同养殖时间,4个群体588 d与198 d体重间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),JH群体558 d体长和198 d体长、558 d体高和198 d体高;HH群体558 d体厚和198 d体厚间的相关系数也达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。     

鲤鱼肝原代细胞的分离与培养方法

本研究在酶消化法的基础上,通过比较不同的肝组织分离和培养条件,获得鲤鱼肝原代细胞培养的最佳培养方法和条件。首先,结合细胞数量和台盼蓝染色所得的细胞存活率,比较了胰蛋白酶消化鲤鱼肝组织的不同反应温度和时间,结果表明:肝组织用0.25%(m/V)胰蛋白酶在25℃消化40 min时细胞分离效果最好。其次,经酶消化得到的肝原代细胞粗制液,设置4种不同的细胞纯化和培养条件:1)将细胞直接重悬于含10%胚牛血清(FBS)的L-15/DMEM培养基中培养;2)以10%鲤鱼血清取代培养基中的胚牛血清重悬细胞并培养;3)将细胞经Percoll液密度梯度离心纯化后,重悬于含10%胚牛血清的L-15/DMEM培养基中培养;4)细胞经Percoll纯化后,重悬于含10%鲤鱼血清的L-15/DMEM培养基中培养。利用光学显微镜观察肝细胞的形态,进而通过HE染色法检测,结果表明经Percoll纯化后,肝细胞纯度显著提高;采用MTS/PMS法检测肝细胞的增殖情况,结果表明鲤鱼血清代替胚牛血清培养细胞,肝细胞活力显著提高。本研究将为建立稳定的毒理学肝原代细胞实验模型奠定基础。     

The pathology of selenium deficiency in Cyprinus carpio L

Selenium is essential for the normal life processes, and all animals, including fish, need this inorganic element. In order to research the pathology of selenium deficiency in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 360 juvenile carp were allocated to three treatments. Each treatment containing 120 fish was randomly divided into four groups, fed with purified diets containing selenium at 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg kg^?1. The results indicated that the morbidity and mortality rates of the test groups were negatively correlated with the level of selenium in the diets. The morbidity and mortality rates were, respectively, 46.7%, 33.3%, 13.3%, 0 and 26.7% 16.7%, 6.7%, 0. The affected fish exhibited pathological changes, such as ‘thin back disease’ and lordosis. Histologically, there was no abnormality observed in muscles, liver and pancreas. Ultrastructurally, there was swelling of the mitochondria of the cardiac muscle cells, the liver cells and renal tubular epithelial cells, with disintegration and lysis of the cristae of the mitochondria which vesiculated. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased and the activity of the serum glutathione peroxidase and the serum superoxide dismutase was decreased; in contrast, the serum malonaldehyde concentration was increased.     

微囊藻毒素在鲤体内富集的初步研究

为了解微囊藻毒素MC-LR在鲤各组织器官中的生物富集作用,采用腹腔注射法将MC-LR纯品稀释液(0.215μg/g)注射到鲤体内,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测0、1、3、12、24和48 h时肾脏、肝脏、肌肉、胆囊、空肠和卵巢中MC-LR含量分布和积累规律.结果显示,MC-LR在肾脏含量最高,均值为(1.007±0.120)μg/g(各器官均按干重计),其次是肝脏(0.490±0.060)μg/g、胆囊(0.355 ±0.011) μg/g、空肠(0.210±0.005)μg/g、卵巢(0.082±0.021)μg/g和肌肉(0.047±0.003) μg/g.鲤不同组织器官对MC-LR的富集能力存在较大差异,肾脏是MC-LR的主要靶器官,卵巢中也存在少量MC-LR富集,肌肉对MC-LR的生物富集量远低于其他组织器官.试验48 h时,鲤体内各组织器官中和鱼缸水中MC-LR含量均有一定程度的下降,表明鲤体内对MC-LR有较强的解毒机制.     

建鲤养殖技术之一:城湖网箱养殖建鲤技术总结

城湖,多为古城旧址,是豫东平原主要的水域形态,在河南省商丘市所辖的六县二区一市中就有城湖7座,水面总面积1.54万亩,也是当地主要的商品鱼生产基地,这些水域水面宽阔,水深3m左右,底部平坦,水位季节性变化幅度不大,且在整个湖水水体中沉积物分布均匀,营养物含量丰富,溶解氧充足,水体透明度0。6m～1.0m,水质良好无污染,适宜进行网箱养鱼。2000年,商丘市虞城县水务局水产技术     

铜在鲤体内的蓄积及毒性的研究

采用半静态法将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)暴露于不同浓度的铜溶液中,研究了铜在鱼体中的吸收富集及毒性。结果表明:铜在鲤肝、肾、鳃和肌肉中的积累量均随着铜浓度的升高而增加。鲤各部位对铜的蓄积能力依次是肝、肾、鳃、肌肉,且肝、肾中铜的积累量明显高于鳃和肌肉,鲤对铜具有较强的蓄积毒性。中毒鱼体色变黑,生长受到抑制,临死前出现神经症状;鳃小片上皮增生、变性、坏死;肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、溶解性坏死。     

蛙类养殖技术之二蛙鱼网箱混养试验

牛蛙、鲤鱼网箱混养,即给牛蛙投喂人工配合全价颗粒饲料,鲤鱼不投喂任何饲料并在网箱中一起养殖.牛蛙主要用肺呼吸,不会出现与鱼"争氧"现象,另外,牛蛙吃剩的食物碎屑及其粪便(粪便中未经完全消化的营养物质)可被鲤鱼再次利用,因此,蛙鱼网箱混养可大大挖掘水体的生产潜力,并使能源得到充分利用.     

蓝色鳞（Cyprinus carpio blue vat）的细胞遗传学分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备蓝色鳞鲤染色体,对100个中期分裂相记数统计,确定蓝色鳞鲤（Cyprinus carpio blue var）的染色体数为2n=100。测得核型参数按Levan等的染色体划分标准得出：蓝色鳞鲤有15对中部着丝点染色体（m）;13对亚中部着丝点染色体（sin...     

红鲤四品系的形态差异和种系关系

综合传统形态学数据和框架测定数据，通过多元变量分析，研究了我国红鲤四个品系（兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤及瓯江彩鲤）的形态差异和种系关系。主要结果：（1）可数性状方面，4品系红鲤无显著差异（P〉0．05）。（2）传统可量性状和框架测定数据合在一起，4品系红鲤间有显著差异（P〈0．05）；聚类分析表明，瓯江彩鲤、兴国红鲤及玻璃红鲤三者形态相近，而荷包红鲤与这三种红鲤的形态差异明显。在28项比例变量基础上所作判别分析表明，红鲤4品系问形态差异极显著（P〈0．01），用优选的8项比例变量判别，综合判别准确率达92％；主成分分析表明，4品系红鲤间形态差异主要系躯体前半部差异所致。（3）把传统可量性状数据和框架测定数据结合在一起，使用多种多元变量分析技术，可大大增强鱼类种内不同群体间差异和亲缘关系的研究能力。     

Successful reproduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio in irrigation waterways

Some key reproductive characters of invasive common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were studied in an irrigation system of south‐eastern Australia. Spawning occurred on a variety of natural (i.e. submerged vegetation, plant debris and stones) and artificial substrates, and the presence of 0+ individuals was an indicator of spawning success. Compared with other C. carpio stocks worldwide, the lower minimum length at maturity reflected the higher water temperatures of the region, whereas the relatively lower mean pseudo‐gonadosomatic indices were attributed to less diverse food resources than those available in floodplain areas. The successful reproduction of feral C. carpio in irrigation waterways confirms its high adaptability and plasticity of traits and its classification into the phytolithophil guild, as opposed to the phytophil wild form. The findings of the present study should be given careful consideration in view of preventative measures for further spread of invasive C. carpio in similar waterways worldwide, but also for the enhancement of the species' fisheries in some man‐made reservoirs.     

Artificial spawning of carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

The effect of reproduction was investigated on females of Hungarian strain W, French strain F, and their cross‐breed 1X whose ovulation was stimulated with carp pituitary (0.3 mg kg^?1and, after 12 h, 2.7 mg kg^?1) or Ovopel (one‐fifth of a pellet per kg and, after 12 h, one pellet per kg). It was found that in the case of Ovopel treatment, the percentage of spawning females of strain F and the cross‐breed 1X was higher than in the hypophysed fish compared. The applied ovulation stimulators did not significantly affect the weight of obtained eggs, whereas the significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect was recorded with respect to the quality of eggs after 12‐, 24‐, 36‐ and 48‐h of incubation. After Ovopel stimulation, the quality of eggs was better. The origin of the females had no statistically significant effect on the weight of eggs although the yield of eggs from fish of strain W was much smaller than that from females of strain F and the 1X cross‐breed. The interaction between the ovulation stimulator and the provenance of the females was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for the percentage of live embryos after 48‐h of incubation of eggs. Eggs of the best quality (and highest weight) were obtained from fish of strain F and cross‐breed 1X treated with Ovopel. In females of strain F that spawned within 6 and 10 h after the second Ovopel injection, the effect of the ovulation time on the weight of eggs was non‐significant. It was significant with respect to the percentage of egg fertilization and of live embryos after 36‐h of incubation (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05 respectively). The better quality of eggs (and their higher weight) was recorded when this time was shorter.     

蓝色鳞（Cyprinus carpio blue vat）的细胞遗传学分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备蓝色鳞鲤染色体,对100个中期分裂相记数统计,确定蓝色鳞鲤（Cyprinus carpio blue var）的染色体数为2n=100。测得核型参数按Levan等的染色体划分标准得出：蓝色鳞鲤有15对中部着丝点染色体（m）;13对亚中部着丝点染色体（sin）;22对端部和亚端部着丝点染色体（st,t）,其染色体总臂数（NF）为156,蓝色鳞鲤核型公式为2n=30m＋26sm＋44st,t。采用流式细胞分析仪测定了蓝色鳞鲤的DNA含量,与鸡血细胞标准对照相比为1．73±0．10,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2．3Pg．N^-1计,则蓝色鳞鲤的体细胞DNA含量为3．99Pg．N^-1。     

嗜水气单胞菌对框镜鲤免疫实验研究

嗜水气单胞菌是水产动物的常见致病菌,本研究利用在生理生化和PCR鉴定的基础上确定为嗜水气单胞菌,并经PCR和药物敏感性实验确定对多种抗菌药物具有耐药性的嗜水气单胞菌多重耐药株。用该菌株制备细菌疫苗对框镜鲤进行免疫实验,免疫方法采用浸洗2 min,1.5、3、6个月后分别进行注射攻毒,攻毒实验结果显示免疫保护率60%~95%,实验室安全性检测结果为安全可靠。该方法避免了逐尾鱼注射造成的较大的工作强度,为在生产实践中广泛应用预防多重耐药嗜水气单胞菌所引起的疾病奠定了基础。