非贵金属催化剂催化松香歧化反应研究

采用非贵金属为催化剂活性组分，用醇盐水解法制备氧化物负载金属活性组分为纳米粒子的新型催化剂。用F／MnOx催化剂催化思茅松脂松香歧化反应，在松香：催化剂：溶剂质量比为100：2．5：1、反应温度270℃、反应时间3h、通N2条件下，得到歧化松香脱氢枞酸含量48％以上，酸值152mgKOH／g以上，软化点高于79℃，不皂化物含量低于8％，色泽号(罗维邦)低于2。     

松香分析中影响不皂化物含量的关键因素及机理研究

研究了在脂松香分析测定过程中影响松香不皂化物含量测定的关键因素及其影响机理,讨论了树脂酸在皂化过程中的形态变化特征及其导致不皂化物需要进行树脂酸校正操作和计算的理论依据。结果表明,马尾松松香的不皂化物中易挥发组分最多,湿地松松香的不皂化物含量较高,易挥发组分含量也相对较高,加勒比松松香和南亚松松香不皂化物中可挥发性物质较少。随着烘干温度的提高,松香中不皂化物的含量降低,但高温可能明显地使松香不皂化物中易氧化的醛类物质等发生了部分氧化,致使4种松香不皂化物的酸价则呈增加的趋势,但是,松香不皂化物中存在的酸性应主要来源于由强碱和弱酸形成的松香树脂酸盐类与松香树脂酸之间的电离平衡反应。     

中国脂松香歧化反应机理的研究

研究中国脂松香在钯／炭催化剂作用下歧化反应的机理。发现其反应产物除去氢枞酸外，有８－二氢海松酸，８（１４）－二氢海松酸，８－二氢异海松酸，８（１４）－二氢异海松酸和８－二氢枞酸，及１３β－四氢枞酸，９β、１３β－四氢枞酸和１８－四氢枞酸等。同时，发现松香歧化反应速度高于湿地松松香，为歧化反应生产厂家选择歧化松香原料提供依据。     

湿地松松香歧化反应研究初探

以湿地松松香为原料,用抗氧剂300作催化剂,探讨松香的歧化反应。结果表明：抗氧剂300对湿地松松香歧化反应有作用,但反应产物尚未达到歧化松香产品的要求。     

松香及其衍生物在胶粘剂中的应用

介绍了松香、改性松香及其衍生物在胶粘剂中的应用．应用于胶粘剂的松香有脂松香、未松香和浮油松香：改性松香包括它们的氢化、脱氢、歧化，聚合以及马来酸酐反应后的产物．松香衍生物包括松香和改性松香与各种醇反应生成的松香酯，氯化松香以及与其他物质的共聚物。松香及其衍生物在热熔胶和压敏胶中应用尤其广泛．     

浅色歧化松香钾皂的制备

实验以固体歧化松香和氢氧化钾溶液进行皂化反应制备浅色25%歧化松香钾皂,研究反应温度,皂化时间,酸值,脱色剂对反应的影响。结果表明在反应温度80℃,皂化时间75 min,酸值（KOH）2.0 mg/g,脱色剂加入量为反应物质量的0.2%的条件下,可制备出固含量为25%的浅色歧化松香钾皂,加纳色号较与现行方法制备的产品低2个色级。     

浅色歧化松香钾皂的制备

实验以固体歧化松香和氢氧化钾溶液进行皂化反应制备浅色25%歧化松香钾皂,研究反应温度,皂化时间,酸值,脱色剂对反应的影响。结果表明在反应温度80℃,皂化时间75 min,酸值(KOH)2.0 mg/g,脱色剂加入量为反应物质量的0.2%的条件下,可制备出固含量为25%的浅色歧化松香钾皂,加纳色号较与现行方法制备的产品低2个色级。     

纳米镍催化树脂酸歧化反应的研究（Ⅰ）——树脂酸组成的研究

将纳米镍催化剂首次应用于树脂酸的歧化反应中。在溶剂存在条件下，进行松香的歧化反应，对不同催化剂催化下的歧化松香组成尤其是酸性部分的组成进行了分析。将DEAE—Sephadax子交换色谱法应用于歧化松香酸性物与中性物的分离。对纳米镍催化松香歧化过程中树脂酸的组成进行了跟踪分析。     

改性松香-缩合单宁酯的制备及性质

在微波辐照下,以吡啶作催化剂,通过缩合单宁与改性松香酰氯的O-酰化反应,以改性松香和不同级分或树种的缩合单宁为原料,合成了一系列改性松香-缩合单宁酯.利用UV、IR、TG-DTA和元素分析等方法对目标产物进行了分析和表征,并测试了它们的抗氧化性及其钠盐的表面活性.结果表明,改性松香-缩合单宁酯的油溶性普遍好于缩合单宁,在花生油中表现出良好的抗氧化性,且去氢枞酸-毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁酯的抗氧化性能最佳.改性松香-缩合单宁酯的钠盐比缩合单宁的钠盐具有更优良的表面活性,其降低表面张力能力强弱顺序为:HR-WT钠盐＞HR-ET钠盐＞DR-ET钠盐＞DR-WT钠盐＞DHA-WT钠盐≈DHA-MET钠盐＞DHA-ET钠盐＞ET钠盐;不同松香改性产物钠盐的表面张力和临界胶束浓度有一定差异,但差别不大,其中氢化松香改性产物钠盐的表面活性最好,歧化松香改性产物钠盐的表面活性次之,去氢枞酸改性产物钠盐的表面活性最差.改性松香-缩合单宁酯钠盐对苯的乳化力都超过了60min,具有很好的乳化能力.改性松香-缩合单宁酯钠盐起泡比顺序为:氢化松香-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞歧化松香-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞去氢枞酸-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞去氢枞酸-毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁钠盐.     

浅色松香树脂的制备及浅色机理初探

松香在新型催化剂（CLC）存在下与醇发生酯化反应，生成加纳色号2－4的浅色松香树脂。对反应前后松香成分分析发现，加入CLC反应后松香中的脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸含量从零增加到30％和22％，枞酸型树脂酸含量从86％下降到34％，不加CLC的对照实验中，没有脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸生成，枞酸型树脂酸含量变化不大，实验表明CLC在松香酯化反应过程中起到了松香歧化反应的催化作用，由于歧化反应，使松香中枞酸含量降低是松香浅色的主要原因。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.