肉鸡回肠氨基酸消化率研究进展

1　肉鸡回肠氨基酸消化率测定方法的发展禽类肠道中微生物对氨基酸消化率有影响。1984年Ｗａｌｌｉｓ和Ｂａｌｎａｖｅ发现排泄物收集法低估了豆粕氨基酸的消化率。Ｂｉｅｌｏｒａｉ等(1991)指出,玉米氨基酸消化率排泄物收集测定法比回肠测定法平均低28%。近来的研究表明,测定方法的不同,影响着肉鸡氨基酸消化率的测定结果,用回肠末端法测得的氨基酸消化率数值要比排泄物收集法更准确。与排泄物收集法相比,回肠末端测定氨基酸消化率法减少了肠道微生物的影响,并且测定结果不受尿中氨基酸和排泄氮影响。通常研究者使用屠宰方式收集试鸡回肠消…     

生长猪回肠末端T型瘘管术后的效果观察与分析

猪的氨基酸消化率测定通常采用回肠末端食糜法。试验在比较回肠末端各种手术方法优缺点的基础上选择了T型瘘管法,现将该手术方法、术中遇到的问题、术后的效果介绍如下,为改进猪瘘管手术效果提供实用参考。     

生长猪回肠末端T型痿管术后的效果观察与分折

猪的氨基酸消化率测定通常采用回肠末端食糜法.试验在比较回肠末端各种手术方法优缺点的基础上选择了T型瘘管法,现将该手术方法、术中遇到的问题、术后的效果介绍如下,为改进猪瘘管手术效果提供实用参考.     

采样时间及部位对生长鸡回肠末端氨基酸消化率的影响

采样时间及部位对生长鸡回肠末端氨基酸消化率的影响Ｉ．Ｔ．Ｋａｄｉｍ等著任蕾编译夏波校准确地测定饲料氨基酸消化率具有重要意义。目前鸡饲料氨基酸消化率的测定方法有多种。主要可归为两类即回肠末端食糜收集法和用去盲肠鸡或不去盲肠鸡的排泄物收集法。排泄物收集法...     

生长猪回肠末端"T"型瘘管术后的效果观察与分新

猪的氨基酸消化率测定通常采用回肠末端食糜法.本研究综合回肠末端各种手术方法的优缺点,选择了简单T型瘘管法,目的是探讨该手术方法术中遇到的一些问题、术后的效果以及一些试验体会,为实施猪瘘管手术提供一定的理论与实践指导依据.     

生长猪回肠末端“T”型瘘管术后的效果观察与分析

<正>猪的氨基酸消化率测定通常采用回肠末端食糜法。本研究综合回肠末端各种手术方法的优缺点,选择了简单T型瘘管法,目的是探讨该手术方法术中遇到的一些问题、术后的效果以及一些试验体会,为实施猪瘘管手术提供一定的理论与实践指导依据。     

大鼠作为生长猪饲料氨基酸回肠末端消化率测定的模型动物研究

本研究开展2次试验,研究大鼠作为生长猪饲料氨基酸回肠末端消化率测定的模型动物的可行性和灵敏性.试验1选用30只6周龄Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠(体重140-160g),随机分成2组.同时选用10头大白×长白公猪(平均体重40kg),随机分成2组.2组大鼠和2组生长猪分别采食含不同品质血粉(Batch干燥法加工的血粉或Ring干燥法加工的血粉)的半纯合饲粮.试验2的设计同试验1,但试验饲粮为含生大豆或热处理大豆的半纯合饲粮.2次试验的预试期和正试期均各为7d.在正试期最后1天,将大鼠和猪屠宰,采集回肠末端食糜,测定氨基酸回肠末端消化率.结果显示(1)不同品质血粉的氨基酸回肠末端消化率存在极显著(P＜0.001)的差异.但是,氨基酸(除丝氨酸外)回肠末端消化率在大鼠和生长猪之间的差异不显著(P＞0.05).(2)不同品质大豆的氨基酸回肠末端消化率存在极显著(P＜0.001)的差异.但是,氨基酸回肠末端消化率在大鼠和生长猪之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05).结果表明,对于测定生长猪血粉和大豆的氨基酸回肠末端消化率,大鼠似乎是较为合适的模型动物,但对此尚需开展更多的研究.     

采用桥式瘘管法研究猪饲料中氨基酸利用率

由于无法测得代谢性氨基酸的含量,所以到目前为止尚未找到令人满意的测定氨基酸利用率的方法。在氨基酸的利用率与消化率之间具有很好的相关性,因此从实用角度出发,目前多通过可消化氨基酸来判断氨基酸的利用效率。用传统的粪分析法测定氨基酸消化率会引入大肠阶段的误差。因此近十几年来,许多学者采用从回肠末端取样测定氨基酸消化率替代粪分析法,并且研制出各式各样的回肠瘘管技术,归纳起来,大体可     

水解羽毛粉作为生长猪蛋白质原料饲喂效果的研究

研究旨在测定水解羽毛粉的消化能、代谢能及其日粮回肠末端氨基酸消化率。试验1采用全收粪法测定水解羽毛粉消化能及代谢能;试验2采用指示剂法测定水解羽毛粉日粮粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观回肠末端消化率和标准回肠末端消化率。结果表明:干物质基础状态下水解羽毛粉的消化能和代谢能分别为15.04和12.80 MJ/kg,生长猪日粮中添加14.50%水解羽毛粉时,除蛋氨酸外,日粮中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观回肠末端消化率和标准回肠末端消化率较低,氮的有效利用率低。     

鸡用饲料氨基酸消化率的评定方法评价分析

饲料氨基酸消化率是评定饲料原料营养价值和可利用性的一项重要指标。饲料原料氨基酸消化率的获得为动物可消化氨基酸需要量的测定和更准确地设计日粮配方提供参考数据。本文介绍了"TME"真代谢能法(饥饿-强饲-收粪法)和回肠末端法评定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率过程中的操作方法,并就存在的问题进行了探讨。     

活动尼龙袋技术测定猪饲料养分消化率研究进展

活动尼龙袋技术被认为是一种有希望的测定猪饲料养分消化率的新方法 ,具有速度快、花费少、所需待测样品小等特点。自1983年Sauer建立该技术以来 ,得到了较快的发展。本文着重综述活动尼龙袋技术测定猪饲料养分消化率 ,包括能量和粗蛋白质表观消化率、粪氨基酸和回肠表观消化率的演进     

去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡测定饲料氨基酸消化率的比较研究

应用Sibbald“TME”方法,比较了去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡对饲料氨基酸的消化率。试验测定了10种饲料的去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡的氨基酸消化率。结果表明,未去盲肠鸡对10种饲料的氨基酸表观和真消化率均高于去盲肠鸡。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和豆饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),未受热鱼粉和芝麻饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、豆饼的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05);未受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和芝麻粕的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排出量显著高于未去盲肠鸡(P>0.05)。微生物对未消化食糜中的肽类、氨基酸具有降解作用。     

Establishment of Tabulated Values for Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Crude Protein and Essential Amino Acids in Common Feedstuffs for Pigs

Literature data on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids in pigs from 79 references (203 observations) including 13 different common feedstuffs, and other data on basal endogenous ileal loss of CP and amino acids from 32 references (36 observations) were analysed statistically. The analyses revealed that the cannulation method as well as the method for determining endogenous ileal losses of CP and amino acids affected the results. After correction for these effects a new set of tabulated values for apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and essential amino acids was generated. The results were in most cases in good agreement with three recently published tables for standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs. Therefore, it was concluded that the data obtained in the present work, together with those given in the recently published tables, would be a suitable basis for a general table for standardized ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids in common feedstuffs for pigs.     

The effect of feed intake on ileal rate of passage and apparent amino acid digestibility determined with or without correction factors in pigs

The apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were evaluated in pigs (BW = 78.3 +/- 7.4 kg) fed a semipurified diet. The pigs were fed 1.82, 2.73, or 3.65 kg DMI/d. The highest level of feed intake was considered to be ad libitum feeding. The pigs were fed according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design and were allowed to adapt to each experimental diet for 5 d. This was followed by 1 d of continuous collection of ileal digesta and a 2nd d of continuous collection separated into six 2-h postprandial time blocks. Ytterbium chloride hexahydrate was used to determine rate of passage. The ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were unaffected (P > 0.05) by level of feed intake. The use of correction factors to more accurately express amino acid concentrations in the diet and digesta affected (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of some amino acids.     

Alternative prediction methods of protein and energy evaluation of pig feeds

Precise knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feedstuffs and complete diets for pigs is important for efficient livestock production. Methods of assessment of protein and energy values in pig feeds have been briefly described. In vivo determination of protein and energy values of feeds in pigs are time-consuming,expensive and very often require the use of surgically-modified animals. There is a need for more simple, rapid,inexpensive and reproducible methods for routine feed evaluation. Protein and energy values of pig feeds can be estimated using the following alternative methods: 1) prediction equations based on chemical composition; 2)animal models as rats, cockerels and growing pigs for adult animals; 3) rapid methods, such as the mobile nylon bag technique and in vitro methods. Alternative methods developed for predicting the total tract and ileal digestibility of nutrients including amino acids in feedstuffs and diets for pigs have been reviewed. This article focuses on two in vitro methods that can be used for the routine evaluation of amino acid ileal digestibility and energy value of pig feeds and on factors affecting digestibility determined in vivo in pigs and by alternative methods. Validation of alternative methods has been carried out by comparing the results obtained using these methods with those acquired in vivo in pigs. In conclusion, energy and protein values of pig feeds may be estimated with satisfactory precision in rats and by the two-or three-step in vitro methods providing equations for the calculation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy content. The use of alternative methods of feed evaluation is an important way for reduction of stressful animal experiments.     

无氮日粮纤维水平对猪内源氨基酸测值的影响

以醋酸纤维素为纤维源配制成粗纤维水平分别为２．０％、５．０％、８．０％的３种无氮日粮,采用３头回—直肠吻合猪,分３期试验,通过３×３拉丁方设计研究在等进食量（７５０ｇ／ｄ）条件下日粮的纤维水平对回—直肠吻合猪消化道内源氨基酸测值的影响。结果表明：除缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和胱氨酸外,无氮日粮的粗纤维水平对回肠末端食糜干物质中其他内源氨基酸含量（％）无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而对回肠末端内源氨基酸的总排泄量影响显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析表明,粗纤维水平与各种内源氨基酸的排泄总量之间存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的强相关关系,随无氮日粮中粗纤维水平的升高,各种内源氨基酸排泄量呈直线增加。     

Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in protein feedstuffs by growing pigs

Eight digestion trials were conducted with pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas to determine the apparent digestibilities of N and amino acids in common protein feedstuffs. Trial-to-trial variation was minimal as determined by the variation in digestibilities for soybean meal, which was evaluated in each trial. Apparent digestibilities varied widely; ileal N digestibility ranged from 88 to 63%, and ileal lysine digestibility ranged from 93 to 40%. In general, ring-dried blood meal, corn gluten meal, Menhaden fish meal, poultry-by-product meal and extruded whole soybeans were the most digestible, followed by canola meal, sunflower meal, peanut meal and meat and bone meal. Cottonseed meal and feather meal were the least digestible. Mean values for each feedstuff agree well with published data. Variation in digestibilities among samples of the same feedstuff was greater for the meat and bone meals. Regression of ileal essential amino acid digestibilities on ileal and fecal N digestibility indicated that amino acid digestibilities can be predicted more precisely from ileal N digestibility than from fecal N digestibility. However, neither ileal nor fecal N digestibility could be used with a high degree of certainty to predict ileal amino acid digestibilities.     

Metabolic availability of lysine in feedstuffs determined using oral isotope delivery

Using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique in a standard curve assay, the availability of lysine in feedstuffs for pigs was determined using oral isotope delivery. In 8 barrows, 20 kg initial weight, indicator oxidation responded linearly to increasing levels of free lysine at 50, 60, 70 and 80% of requirements. The availability of lysine in peas was reduced from 75.8% to 68.3% after heating. Adding back the lysine lost during heating restored the availability to 76.5%. Using this method, the availability of lysine in soybean meal (87.5%) was similar to reported true ileal digestibility, while that in canola meal (71.4%) and cottonseed meal (75.1%) was lower and greater, respectively. The results for peas demonstrate that this method responds sensitively to small changes in lysine availability. Therefore, using oral isotope delivery with this method is suitable to determine the bioavailability of amino acids in feedstuffs for pigs.     

标准回肠消化率在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用

为了获得最佳生产性能,配制满足家禽营养需要的日粮配方和将排泄到环境中的过多养分降到最低,已显得尤为重要。关于蛋白质饲料原料,多通过表观回肠消化率反映其利用率。以表观回肠消化率值为基础配制日粮,低估了饲料原料的氨基酸消化率,导致排泄物中养分含量增加。通过内源氨基酸基础损失校正表观回肠消化率所得的标准回肠消化率,能克服表观回肠消化率的局限性。作者讨论了标准回肠氨基酸消化率和内源氨基酸基础损失的估测方法,并对其在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用作一总结。     

True ileal digestibility of amino acids in sow's milk for 17-day-old pigs

The digestibility of amino acids in sow's milk consumed by young pigs is currently unknown because of difficulties associated with collecting an adequate quantity of milk, and also problems in cannulating suckling pigs. A total of 14 kg of sow's milk was collected, two soluble indigestible markers (Co-EDTA and YbC13) were added, and the milk was fed to four pigs at 17 d of age that were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Another four cannulated pigs were offered a similar amount of a 20% DM liquid diet based on enzymatically hydrolyzed casein and lactose to assess endogenous amino acid losses. All pigs were fed about 875 g of each diet per day in 10 hourly meals from 0700 to 1700. Following 2 d of adaptation, ileal digesta were collected from 0800 to 1800 for 2 d. Diets and digesta were analyzed for amino acids using appropriate hydrolysis and preoxidation procedures. Average nitrogen true digestibility was 88%, whereas amino acid true digestibilities ranged from 84% (cystine and threonine) to 100% (methionine, histidine, and glutamic acid); the average for all amino acids was 92 +/- 4%. Based on average values, true digestibility of essential amino acids was not different from that of nonessential amino acids (P > 0.10). In whole milk, amino acids found in abundance in whey proteins (i.e., cystine, glycine, and threonine) were less (P < 0.05) digestible than amino acids predominating in casein proteins (i.e., glutamic acid, proline, and methionine). When true ileal digestible amino acid concentrations in sow's milk were expressed as ratios to digestible lysine, it appeared that threonine, tryptophan, and arginine were lower than what might be considered optimal. In conclusion, amino acids in sow's milk were highly digestible, but most of the amino acids had true ileal digestibility values significantly less than 100%.