松干蚧的普查方法

“指挥员的正确的部署来源于正确的决心,正确的决心来源于正确的判断,正确的判断来源于周到的和必要的侦察和对于各种侦察材料的联贯起来的思索。”“作几次周密的     

以诗歌和绿色的名义

以怀古的心情怀念远祖的村庄试想用怎样的方式增大心脏的容量完成此生唯美的收藏把一棵树理解为成材的过程是荒唐的任何生长都有自己固执的走向把一朵花想象成爱意的装潢是荒唐的季节的表情产生于深处的独想借用一抷黑土酿制粮食的纯度借用一粒飞沙击打流浪的行程借用一叶秋愁压弯临冬的脊梁草茎与林木的风湿已深入膝踝和每一处骨节疼痛的长夜折磨事物无辜的睡床盘点库存还有多少骄傲的资本参加未来的邀请生态脆弱着已无力承载疯狂的放纵和铺张折下嫩绿的枝条就是折断春天的手指呵拘捕翠鸟的翅膀就是拘捕自由的歌唱呵开垦草原砍伐森林就是砍…     

中国园林发展方向之我见

白雪皑皑的白山黑水,椰林高耸的南海琼崖,西北边疆的天出雪峰,锦秀江南的鱼米之乡,林海起伏的大兴安岭,水波粼粼的五百里滇池,一望无际的内蒙古大草原,四季鲜花的西双版纳;雄伟的泰山,奇险的华山,铁骨冰肌的黄山,秀逸飘然的武夷     

良好的常规是提高幼儿绘画水平的前提

绘画水平的提高离不开良好的常规的建立,良好常规的建立能引发幼儿与周围环境相互作用,进一步促进孩子们的动手能力的发展。在良好常规的建立中孩子们的倾听习惯的养成起着很重要的作用。在孩子们作画习惯和整理工具等方面的培养同样的是需要良好常规的支撑。     

国有林场改革与可持续发展初探

指出了随着气候的异常变化,使得全球变暖的情况加剧,世界提前进入了暖季,基于此,在全人类可能遭遇气候危机的情况下有众多国家领导人联合签署了关于"可持续发展"的理念的倡议书,建议全面发展以可持续理念为核心的环保的能源建设和资源开发。面对"可持续发展"的时代大潮,在我国,一些旧有的、效能低下的、产能落后的事物也即将经历改革发展的大潮进而焕发新面貌,其中就包括我国的一些国有林场。以广东省境内的国有林场的改革为例,探讨了可持续发展的理念对于我国的国有林场改革的意义,以及其能为我国的国有林场的未来发展带来怎样的质的飞跃,并根据广东省的地理特点,结合可持续发展理念的理论要求,提出了国有林场全面改革的相关建议。     

青姿绽放 塞罕踏青

春雷惊醒了塞竿的酣梦,春风轻拂过冬眠的小草,春雨洙浴着广阔的原野。河边的柳树穿上了嫩黄色的外衣,红彤彤的山丹丹也伴着春天的脚步,用封存一冬的热情生动塞罕的颜色。这份来自塞罕的淡雅请柬,轻轻叩开您的心扉;这本大自然朴实的写真．唤起您对塞罕无尽的神往;这无边的旷野、高洁的映山红,又一次在您美丽的假期激情绽放!     

林场的春天

每一个日子都十分富有 那些神秘的小花 铺成林场的封面 抒情诗一样的小鸟 活跃在绿色的林间 这是林场的春天 老一辈林区人的心情开始温暖 青年们谈论着时代的美感 游览林区的学生 在作文中写下脆嫩的新鲜感 这是林场的春天 每一个林区人想象的翅膀 都涂满浪漫的颜色 每一个林区人的胸怀 都掀起了泛绿的波澜     

森林,人类的精灵

大漠肆虐的风一度刮来，深深地刺伤我们的眼睛。林丛稀疏的叶隙间，缕缕阳光，穿越长空，折射出我们齐声高唱着的歌。生命与土地之间，那血与肉的联结，情与爱的牵缠，如一个执拗的少年深情的爱抚，拥抱、喃喃。心与心之间燃灼着熠熠的生命光环。山一样巍峨的英姿，晨露洗濯的灵魂。那不是由虚幻的雾障，浓墨重彩的涂抹，斑澜的线条所组成的彩虹。根与根的交错中凝结的是无声的呼应，枝叉与叶系间组合的是力量的象征。生命中的契机，注定有那么一天，山洪欲来，大漠携着飙尘的飓风而来。你这个人类的精灵，就会挺起高山的头颅，长城的胸怀，…     

年轮的启迪

一裸古老树木的伐根布满密密层层的年轮在军事家的眼里看到等高线、陡坡和山峰在画家的眼里看到水的涟漪,天的云层数学家认定是圆的轨迹金石家硬说是造物主的刀痕儿童看到奇幻的故事老人却说是脸上的皱纹纺织工看到分明的经纬恋人们说是无限深情然而,只有敏感的气象学家看到了每个年代的雨雪风情那窄的年轮因为干旱少雨那宽的年轮是风调雨顺那不宽不窄的年轮是中等年份抑或偏歉偏丰把年度和宽窄数绘入座标一条有趣的曲线陡然而生曲线中可推出变化规律犹如心电图用于医生神秘的年轮—美丽的花环无不是历史的见证年轮的启迪@赵珍~~     

故乡的槐花

每到百花争艳的季节,故乡的槐花就浮现在我的眼前,它那特有的裹着泥土芬芳的气息便会在我记忆的缎带上飘荡…… 在我儿时的记忆里,槐花的生命是短暂而顽强的。当春风染绿荒原野岗的时候,深深植根于故乡黄土地的槐树的枝头上便会爆出无数颗米粒大的芽儿。一     

The challenge of information service development for private forest owners: The Estonia and Finland cases

This paper investigates forest ownership objectives and the need for information among Estonian and Finnish private forest owners based on two surveys. The motivation for the analysis is the fragmenting private forest ownership in Europe. The broad lines of ownership objectives are found to be similar in both countries, and can be described under the dimensions of economic objectives, intangible values, and products and activities provided by forests. In both countries, economic and intangible objectives are considered important at the same time. Thus forest owners can be described as multi-objective. The economic objectives are ranked as somewhat more important than non-economic objectives in Estonia, but not in Finland. Estonian forest owners most strongly emphasise information about legal and economic matters, including forest taxation and forest health issues, while Finnish forest owners emphasise information about wood markets and forest taxation. Differences between the two countries may be related to private ownership being relatively new in Estonia. Some generalisations may be drawn for European forest policy. Overall, private forest owners need both information about economic issues and personal advice on how to manage forests with regard to their individual and multiple objectives. Generally, personal advice may be concentrated on the complicated and most important themes, while information can mostly be provided via written or electronic channels. Particularly in countries where private forestry is new, there is a need for personal advice on legislative and economic matters. As a conclusion, it is suggested that efficient allocation of resources and development of information services require regular analysis of private forest ownership, and segmenting private forest owners according to their objectives and information needs.     

森林认证助推世界私有林及我国非公有制林业的发展

世界上绝大部分森林是私有林, 而随着我国集体林权改革的深入和国家政策的支持, 我国非公有制林业发展迅速。森林认证对促进世界私有林和我国非公有制林业的发展和可持续经营发挥了重要作用。在分析世界私有林和我国非公有制林业认证发展现状、模式和作用的基础上, 对如何推动我国非公有制林业认证提出了意见与建议。     

巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济林业发展比较与分析

热带森林生态系统具有重要的生态系统服务功能和价值,然而人类社会发展正影响着其完整性和稳定性。以巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济为代表的太平洋岛国拥有丰富的热带森林资源,但森林资源的过度采伐和土地资源的不合理利用正在导致热带森林面积急剧减少。文中介绍了巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济这3个太平洋岛国的森林资源现状,着重分析和比较了这些国家的森林资源现状、林业管理体制、政策与机构,以及林业生产与贸易状况,以期为在“一带一路”倡议下我国开拓太平洋岛国地区国际市场提供重要信息支撑。     

Forest Taxes,Timber Concessions,and Policy Choices in the Amazon

Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.     

Skepticism of state action in forest certification and voluntary set-asides: a Swedish example with two environmental offsetting options

Non-industrial private forest owners in Sweden are encouraged to mitigate environmental damages from forestry on their properties under a principle of “freedom with responsibility,” although the level of mitigation is generally left to the owners’ discretion. One voluntary measure private forest owners are encouraged to take is setting aside a part of their productive forests for conservation. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how non-industrial private forest owner beliefs concerning both their own and the Swedish state’s responsibility for nature protection differ among owners of certified forests, who automatically leave a set-aside, and those who have stayed out of forest certification but have decided to leave a set-aside. Results of a Heckman selection bivariate probit model show that the more a respondent believes the state is responsible for fulfilling environmental goals compared to private forest owners, the less likely it is that an owner of a non-certified forest will leave a set-aside for conservation. Beliefs about responsibility do not, however, differ among owners of certified and non-certified forests. From a policy perspective, Swedish government agencies may have difficulty steering specific measures taken by private forest owners who are interested in conservation but have stayed out of forest certification regimes.     

葡萄牙林业发展现状

介绍葡萄牙森林资源、林业政策法规、林业机构和管理体制、森林经营、森林保护、林产品贸易、林业科研教育现状, 分析其林业发展存在的主要问题, 在此基础上提出对我国林业发展的3点建议:1)在完善分类经营管理体系的基础上, 划分出适当区域和适当比例的森林作为多功能森林, 并且按照相应的经营管理体系对公益林、商品林和多功能林进行管理; 2)为了降低林产品对外依存度, 维护木材安全, 大力发展用材林特别是珍贵用材林战略储备基地建设; 3)大力培育林农合作组织, 提高森林经营管理效率。     

美国林业近况

美国森林资源丰富,不仅是当今世界林产品生产和消费大国,而且还是林产品的主要出口国,其在国际林产品市场中发挥着重要作用。美国森林特别是私有林在经营上,国家采取政策扶持、技术支持等一系列优惠政策,鼓励林业主和林业企业发展私有林。目前,从中央到地方,全国已建立了一个完善的林业管理体系,保障林业的健康发展。     

工业化国家的林业产业政策

工业化国家林业产业当前面临的主要问题是环境污染对大面积森林构成的严重危胁和对分散的私有林无法进行现代化经营。此外,尚有财政危机和某些国家的林产品过度依赖进口等问题。在90年代,甚至更长的时期内,发达国家林业产业政策的调整方向是,保护和改造现有林,通过实施分类经营战略发挥森林的多种效益,兼用行政和经济手段引导私有林的发展,进一步调整林产品结构和大力发展木材培育业。     

论多功能森林

近一两年来, 在我国关于发展"多功能林业"的舆论日渐兴起。其中有些意见比较中肯, 提出在多年大力发展速丰林和生态公益林的情况下, 今后应当重视多功能森林。而有的意见则把过去存在的一切问题都归咎于没有发展"多功能林业", 认为只要发展多功能林业就可以解决一切问题, 甚至把"多功能林业"杜撰成一个新理论。忽视多功能森林经营, 在强调生态功能的同时弱化经济功能, 把大面积的森林(甚至人工林)划为生态公益林而限制采伐利用, 甚至限制各种抚育性采伐, 的确是我国林业发展上的一个偏差。但是, 如果因此就不再重视发展商品林和生态公益林, 把全国的森林都搞成多功能森林, 那同样也是不妥的。为此, 文中将结合国外的情况介绍, 阐述"多功能森林"的一些问题。     

国外私有林现状及发展趋势

国外私有林历史悠久，私有林在提供林产品、林副产品、森林游憩等方面发挥了重要的作用，时至今日，私有林仍是国外林业建设与发展中的一支重要力量，各国政府对私有林十分重视，文中系统地概述了国外私有林的现状、组织形式、经营模式，分析了当前私有林存在的主要问题，预测了私有林的发展趋势。