美国林业近况

美国森林资源丰富,不仅是当今世界林产品生产和消费大国,而且还是林产品的主要出口国,其在国际林产品市场中发挥着重要作用。美国森林特别是私有林在经营上,国家采取政策扶持、技术支持等一系列优惠政策,鼓励林业主和林业企业发展私有林。目前,从中央到地方,全国已建立了一个完善的林业管理体系,保障林业的健康发展。     

国外私有林现状及发展趋势

国外私有林历史悠久，私有林在提供林产品、林副产品、森林游憩等方面发挥了重要的作用，时至今日，私有林仍是国外林业建设与发展中的一支重要力量，各国政府对私有林十分重视，文中系统地概述了国外私有林的现状、组织形式、经营模式，分析了当前私有林存在的主要问题，预测了私有林的发展趋势。     

美国私有林所有权分散化对林业生产的影响

美国私有林规模正在被划分得越来越小，而私有林所有权的分散化对未来木材产品的供应、购买和采伐木材的成本以及土地价格都将产生一定影响，导致国内木材价格上涨，加速林产品工业向海外的转移，而且不利于实现森林可持续经营的目标，还会降低公众对森林经营的支持力度。随着私有林所有权的分散化，林业将面临着如下问题：     

森林认证助推世界私有林及我国非公有制林业的发展

世界上绝大部分森林是私有林, 而随着我国集体林权改革的深入和国家政策的支持, 我国非公有制林业发展迅速。森林认证对促进世界私有林和我国非公有制林业的发展和可持续经营发挥了重要作用。在分析世界私有林和我国非公有制林业认证发展现状、模式和作用的基础上, 对如何推动我国非公有制林业认证提出了意见与建议。     

德国生态林业的经营思想、主要措施及其启示

德国是世界上林业发达的国家,其主要特点表现在：森林资源丰富且分布均匀;管理机构运转协调;以私有林为主体的多种森林所有制并存;森林经营水平较高;木材及其加工业发达。早在18世纪德国就在世界上首先提出了森林永续利用的经营思想,20世纪德国林业逐渐调整形成了可持续经营思想。近年来大力提倡近自然林业的经营方式,充分发挥森林的生态功能,并采取了一系列调整措施：国有林承担起生态功能的主体作用;国家积极引导私有林生态功能的发挥;改变森林采伐利用方式;大力改造现有林,采取措施拯救森林;建立森林生态监测网络等。德国生态林业建设的措施和经验对我国重点林业生态工程建设具有一定的借鉴作用。     

美国的公共政策对私有林的影响

美国的公共政策和计划对美国私有林经营具有悠久而深远的历史影响。公共利益对私有林的关注主要有两方面：第一是鼓励私有林的持续投资，以便获得私有林所提供的广泛利益。由于森林经营周期长，以及许多林产品缺乏市场，妨碍了私有林主对其森林进行投资；第二是通过公共政策的实施来减轻森林经营和木材采伐活动的负面影响，如野生动物生境的损失、水质量下降、土壤侵蚀以及景观质量下降等。     

东欧的森林经营

东欧以外的欧洲国家的林业正向可持续经营稳步前进，东欧国家则还面临许多挑战。很多东欧国家在重组其经济和社会制度。国家将森林归还给原来的业主或其继承人，使私有林业有了一个大发展。东欧林产品产量和对西欧的林产品贸易额正在显增长。很多林地新业主正在谋求新的技术和资源，以实现可持续经营。但很多业主拥有的林地很小，限制了先进手段的采用，保护环境和森林对社会的服务也是问题。     

世界私有林政策与法规回顾及林地联合经营问题研究综述

通过对德国、瑞典、芬兰及东欧各国私有林政策的回顾表明:小规模林业曾经给过渡期的国家带来了多重利益,但同时小规模林业的发展面临着种种挑战,因此在私有林政策进程中有促进联合经营的趋势。介绍了世界主要林业发达国家森林合作经营的历程,认为不同类型的合作组织既是私有林经营的主体力量,也是国家扶持和管理私有林的主要途径。从经济学角度、农户角度及林业管理部门角度并基于森林可持续经营、产业发展、生态保护的不同经营目的,评价了各自对经营规模的取向。在借鉴各国私有林政策的基础上提出:中国集体林地规模化经营模式可能呈现多元化特征,相应集体林经营模式相关政策的制定也要充分考虑区域的各种差异以及林业发展目标的多样性,政策需要有一定的弹性和可操作性。     

森林立法和林主间的合作确保芬兰私有林的健康

芬兰私有林数量多，但森林面积相对较小，平均每个林主有26hm^2森林。私有林业在芬兰有举足轻重的作用，因为芬兰森林工业用材的80％～90％来源于私有林。森林立法、国家林业计划以及林主间的合作，目的在于促进森林可持续经营。     

瑞典林业可持续经营战略

瑞典是世界上林业生产最发达的国家之一,森林资源丰富,总面积２６００万ｈｍ２,有生产力的森林２３２０万ｈｍ２,人均拥有森林３ｈｍ２。瑞典林业是出口型的,林产品的１７．２％供出口,主要出口产品是纸浆。森林所有制有私有林（占４９％）,公司林（占３５％）、公...     

80年代世界林产工业发展概况

文章分别介绍了８０年代发达国家和发展中国家的森林工业政策和实施措施；分析了８０年代世界林产工业发展的特点，对工业材、薪炭材、纸和纸板、人造板等的生产及其增长情况进行了详细论述。     

发达国家林产工业的现状和发展趋势

文章以林业政策的变化、高科技的应用、利用即发展、速生林木的定向培育、林工结合以及林产工业在发达国家经济中的地位和作用等观点为依据,论述了发达国家林产工业的现状和发展趋势。     

Forest Taxes,Timber Concessions,and Policy Choices in the Amazon

Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.     

对发展我国速生丰产林有关问题的思考

本文在明确速生丰产林概念的基础上, 着重探讨了发展速生丰产林在我国林业建设中的地位, 澄清了国内外不同林业发展战略思路(如接近自然的林业, 林业分工论, 新林业学说和生态林业等) 与发展速生丰产林的关系.最后根据园内外发展速生丰产林(工业人工林) 的经验和教训, 指出今后我国速生丰产林的发展道路及应注意的问题.     

森林永续利用的原则不能动摇

地球人口负荷接近饱和条件下,一切可更新资源都必须实行永续利用,森林也不例外。中国印度等只有提高生产力,才可能实现森林永续利用。多数发展中国家的资源并不贫乏,为实现永续利用,必须解决一系列的科技、政治经济问题。发达国家高层次的森林永续利用,也仍把提高生产力放在核心地位。     

葡萄牙林业发展现状

介绍葡萄牙森林资源、林业政策法规、林业机构和管理体制、森林经营、森林保护、林产品贸易、林业科研教育现状, 分析其林业发展存在的主要问题, 在此基础上提出对我国林业发展的3点建议:1)在完善分类经营管理体系的基础上, 划分出适当区域和适当比例的森林作为多功能森林, 并且按照相应的经营管理体系对公益林、商品林和多功能林进行管理; 2)为了降低林产品对外依存度, 维护木材安全, 大力发展用材林特别是珍贵用材林战略储备基地建设; 3)大力培育林农合作组织, 提高森林经营管理效率。     

The formation of small-scale forestry in countries with economies in transition: Observations from Lithuania

Lithuania has been undergoing a transition from one political culture (based on a centrally planned economy and a one-party system) to a radically different political culture (market economy and a democratic political system). After the declaration of independence in Lithuania, some new phenomena emerged in forestry: the privatisation of forest industry, the formation of a free timber market; increasing timber export levels; and new modes of ownership (private forests) and enterprise (private business logging companies). Private forest owners control approximately 680,000 ha of forest, 33% of the total forest area, projected to increase to 40–45% in the future. Small-scale private forestry is developing in Lithuania but there is a lack of information about the objectives and problems of private forest owners. This paper presents the main results of a survey carried out in 2004 by the Lithuanian Forest Research Institute. The most important forest ownership objectives are firewood production for home consumption, income generation from wood and non-wood product sales, and protection of nature and biodiversity. The main problems for private forest owners are that the forest properties are too small to achieve efficiency, owners lack money for silviculture activities and there is a heavy bureaucratic system for forest-related activity documentation. A cluster analysis of respondents’ ratings of importance for various forest management objectives reveals four groups of private forest owners. These groups are named according to their dominant management objective, as multi-objective owners, businessmen, consumers and ecologists.     

湖南林产品加工的现状与对策

湖南林产资源丰富，为发展林产品加工业创造了极为有利的条件。全省林产加工业形成了木材采运、人造板等门类齐全的林产工业体系。文章对林产品发展的现状进行概括，根据林产品发展的总体目标，对全省林产品发展的重点进行了论述，并提出我省发展林产品精深加工的对策。     

论多功能森林

近一两年来, 在我国关于发展"多功能林业"的舆论日渐兴起。其中有些意见比较中肯, 提出在多年大力发展速丰林和生态公益林的情况下, 今后应当重视多功能森林。而有的意见则把过去存在的一切问题都归咎于没有发展"多功能林业", 认为只要发展多功能林业就可以解决一切问题, 甚至把"多功能林业"杜撰成一个新理论。忽视多功能森林经营, 在强调生态功能的同时弱化经济功能, 把大面积的森林(甚至人工林)划为生态公益林而限制采伐利用, 甚至限制各种抚育性采伐, 的确是我国林业发展上的一个偏差。但是, 如果因此就不再重视发展商品林和生态公益林, 把全国的森林都搞成多功能森林, 那同样也是不妥的。为此, 文中将结合国外的情况介绍, 阐述"多功能森林"的一些问题。     

Tropical Forestry

An overview of the forestry sector in Costa Rica was undertaken to determine whether the existing management practices of timber resources hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber in the immediate decades to come, and to identify changes that might be needed in the management of forested lands. To meet these goals, we examined the present status and potential future contribution of the two newest forest sectors: the management of natural forest and plantation forestry. Rcsults indicate that the present management of Costa Rica's timber resources does not hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber for more than the next ten years without severe loss of its forests. Substantial progress is occurring, but at an insufficient rate. Moreover, despite the considerable headway made in conservation in recent years, the rate of deforestation remains high. A number of factors limit advancement in natural forest management and plantation forestry, both of which have the potential to deaccelerate deforestation. In natural forest management, constraints are the rate at which forests are being brought under management, lack of budgetary provisions for fiscal incentives to private owners who alone cannot be expected to bear the cost of benefits of natural forest management that are national or even global in their distribution, and the weak infrastructure, extension services and research support to meet management goals. In the case of plantation forestry, the capability of this sector to produce commercial timber is not known. Moreover, inadequate management and extension services together with the misuse of the incentive system by private owners is likely to limit the potential of plantations. Institutional constraints include outdated legal and bureaucratic framework, market interventions, absence of clear policy toward natural forest management and plantation forestry, poor investment in infrastructure, extension and research support, and inadequate interaction among various agencies responsible for the development of the forestry sector. Such institutional constraints have allowed the proliferation of disincentives against the development of a sustainable timber sector. If the Costa Rican government's objective is to encourage sustainable forestry, it must first clearly articulate the policy and then create the appropriate legal, economic and institutional framework for implementation of the policy. Costa Rica, with its enlightened public administration system, vast technical and scientific knowledge about its forest ecosystem and extensive assistance from international organizations, must succeed, otherwise prospects for sustainable forestry in thc less fortunate tropical countries would be bleak.