不同乳酸菌添加剂对天然牧草青贮品质的影响

以内蒙古半干旱山地草原天然混合牧草为原料,通过添加不同的乳酸菌添加剂进行青贮对比试验,探讨不同乳酸菌添加剂对天然牧草青贮饲料品质的影响,筛选适宜的乳酸菌添加剂.结果表明:5种添加剂均能不同程度地改善天然牧草青贮品质,经过感官评定,乳酸菌添加剂青贮饲料优于对照组;青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养价值综合分析表明,在提高乳酸含量,降低氨态氮含量、pH值、酸性洗涤纤维等方面表现最佳的是中农1号乳酸菌,其次是中农3号,中农2号、4号和8号添加剂青贮效果改善不明显.     

切碎长度对不同牧草青贮饲料发酵品质的影响

本试验以羊草、无芒雀麦、黄花草木樨和沙打旺为青贮原料,按照长短两种切碎长度处理后分别青贮,研究牧草种类和切碎长度对青贮发酵品质的影响。结果表明,牧草种类对青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮含量及乳酸、乙酸和丁酸含量有极显著影响(P0.01),无芒雀麦的发酵品质不如另外3种牧草;切短处理能极显著降低青贮饲料的丁酸含量(P0.01),同时显著提高乙酸含量(P0.05),对pH值也有显著影响(P0.05);牧草种类和切碎长度对青贮饲料的干物质含量、粗蛋白含量及乳酸和丁酸含量有交互作用(P0.01)。综上所述,青贮原料切短处理可以提高牧草青贮发酵品质。     

不同添加剂对高粱青贮质量的影响

为探讨不同添加剂对不同高粱青贮饲料质量影响,以4个高粱品种的全株为青贮原料,设清水对照和分别添加乙酸(0.3%)、丙酸(0.3%)和尿素(0.5%)4个处理,袋装青贮60天后取样,测定其发酵品质与化学成分。结果表明:添加乙酸处理显著提高青贮饲料的乳酸含量(P<0.05);添加丙酸处理显著降低青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮含量,却显著提高乳酸含量(P<0.05);添加尿素处理显著提高青贮饲料的粗蛋白质及乳酸含量(P<0.05)。不同品种高粱青贮饲料的发酵质量存在差异,添加剂和品种对青贮的发酵品质有交互作用。其中,品种大力士和乐食青贮饲料品质优于天农青饲1号和乙醇高粱;添加乙酸、丙酸和尿素可以改善高粱青贮饲料发酵品质。     

不同添加剂对夏河县紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以含水量控制在65%～70%的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为青贮原料,通过添加麸皮、红糖、甲酸、乙酸、乳酸菌制剂等,探讨了夏河县紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质及添加剂对其的影响。结果表明：经添加剂处理的紫花苜蓿,发酵品质均有不同程度的提升,具体表现为pH值及氨态氮含量降低、乳酸含量升高;综合青贮饲料发酵品质、营养价值指标及感官评定来看,添加甲酸、乙酸和芯来旺Ⅰ号对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养价值有明显改善,在90 d的短期青贮中,是适宜夏河县紫花苜蓿青贮饲料生产的高效添加剂,而乙酸作为青贮添加剂在本次试验中效果最佳。     

不同刈割期天然牧草青贮品质评价

以内蒙古通辽扎鲁特旗山地草原天然混合牧草为原料,对其不同刈割时期的青贮品质进行了测定,以确定天然牧草青贮的刈割时间。结果表明:7月中旬~8月下旬刈割的牧草,青贮品质在感官评价上均表现优良,且在营养价值上优于原料草,均可用来制作青贮。综合分析牧草发酵品质和营养价值发现,随着刈割时间的推迟,青贮料的pH、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量呈先降低后增加的趋势,乳酸含量先升高后降低,氨态氮占总氮的比例、可溶性碳水化合物含量无明显规律。8月15日刈割的青贮饲草的干物质含量、粗蛋白含量、乳酸含量均相对最高,氨态氮占总氮的比值最低,青贮品质最佳,7月14日刈割的牧草青贮品质较差。     

不同添加剂对苇状羊茅青贮的效果研究

为研究探讨苇状羊茅原料的青贮特性,青贮饲料发酵品质、营养物质含量,以结实期的新鲜或晾晒苇状羊茅为原料,分别设计对照、添加甲酸(6 mL/kg)或蔗糖(2%)处理,袋装密封青贮360 d后取样分析其发酵品质与养分含量。结果表明,晾晒可以显著降低苇状羊茅青贮饲料的pH和乳酸含量(P0.05),极显著降低氨态氮含量(P0.01)。添加甲酸和蔗糖都能够显著降低苇状羊茅青贮饲料的pH(P0.05),极显著降低乙酸和氨态氮含量(P0.01),极显著提高乳酸含量(P0.01)。晾晒或添加剂处理对苇状羊茅青贮饲料常规养分的影响不明显,青贮之后硝酸盐含量显著降低。苇状羊茅在单独青贮时具有调制为优质青贮饲料的特征。     

紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质动态变化的研究

本研究以紫花苜蓿为原料进行青贮发酵试验,研究苜蓿单独青贮时发酵品质的动态变化,研究其pH值和乳酸、干物质、氨态氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)含量变化,探明苜蓿青贮发酵规律和青贮饲料成功保存的调控途径.     

不同添加剂和凋萎程度对串叶松香草青贮品质的影响

通过不同凋萎程度、不同添加剂青贮串叶松香草,以探讨凋萎程度和添加剂对串叶松香草青贮品质和营养价值的影响.结果表明:串叶松香草鲜贮效果较差,而凋萎4h后青贮感官品质优良,且粗蛋白质和乳酸含量较高,挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮较低,与对照相比差异显著(P<0.05);同一凋萎程度下,添加蔗糖青贮氨态氮含量较高,粗蛋白质较低,发酵品质下降;而添加甲酸后其pH值、氨态氮和挥发性脂肪酸较低,粗蛋白质含量较高.凋萎4h后添加甲酸可获得优质青贮饲料.     

发酵时间对菌糠青贮饲料发酵品质的影响

本试验研究不同发酵时间对菌糠青贮饲料发酵品质的影响。试验调制30份菌糠青贮,采用青贮袋抽真空密封贮存,室温放置。分别在发酵第1、3、7、15、30和60d开封,测定青贮料的发酵品质。每个开封处理设5个重复。结果发现,随着发酵时间的延长,乳酸含量和乙酸含量持续显著升高(P0.05),青贮料的p H值显著降低(P0.05),15d后p H值继续下降,但差异不显著(P0.05);30d和60d丙酸含量显著升高(P0.05),60d时氨态氮含量和丁酸含量显著升高(P0.05)。说明菌糠青贮发酵饲料最佳的发酵时间是15~30d,不宜超过30d,发酵时间的延长,青贮料中不良产物氨态氮含量、乙酸含量、丙酸含量和丁酸含量显著升高(P0.05)。     

添加甲酸或蔗糖对苏丹草青贮品质的影响

为探讨甲酸和蔗糖添加剂对苏丹草青贮的影响,以结实期苏丹草为原料,分别设对照、添加甲酸(6ml/kg)、添加蔗糖(2%)处理,袋装密封青贮60 d后分析.结果表明,添加蔗糖或甲酸都能显著改善苏丹草青贮饲料的发酵品质,添加甲酸可以显著降低青贮饲料的pH,极显著降低氨态氮含量,极显著提高乳酸含量.添加蔗糖可以显著提高乳酸含量,极显著提高乙酸含量,显著降低氨态氮含量.添加甲酸处理可溶性碳水化合(WSC)和硝酸盐含量分别显著高于对照和蔗糖处理.与原料相比,青贮之后硝酸盐含量显著下降,而亚硝酸盐含量增加.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.