马立克氏病病毒单克隆抗体研究 Ⅰ.马立克氏病病毒和火鸡疱疹病毒单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立和鉴定

采用马立克氏病病毒(MDV)和火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)感染细胞匀浆抗原免疫 BALB/C 小鼠,通过淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术获得了13件分泌 MDV 特异性单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞株。其中9株 McAb 对三个血清型毒株均呈阳性反应;BC_3对血清Ⅰ、Ⅲ型毒株反应阳性:CE_(11)和 CB_3对血清Ⅰ型毒株呈阳性反应;EE_(12)对血清Ⅲ型发生反应.13株 McAb 既具有 ELISA 特性(最高效价1:100000),     

鸡马立克病病毒814株gE、gI、gp82基因的克隆及序列分析

从感染鸡马立克病病毒血清Ⅰ型(MDVⅠ)814株的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中提取病毒总DNA,以其为模板,根据GenBank中MDVⅠ GA株基因组gE、gI、gp82基因序列,设计并合成3对特异性引物,用PCR方法分别扩增了814株的gE、gI、gp82基因,并将扩增的基因片段克隆到pMD18-T载体中,进行序列测定,应用DNA Star软件分析814株gE、gI、gp82基因核苷酸序列,并与已发表的MDVⅠ毒株序列进行了比较.结果表明,不同MDVⅠ毒株的gE、gI、gp82基因同源性很高,814株与已发表的MDVⅠ毒株的gE、gI、gp82基因核苷酸序列同源性分别在99.4%、98.9%和99.6%以上.     

鸡马立克氏病病毒(MDV)单克隆抗体(McAb)的研究——Ⅰ.抗血清Ⅰ型MDV-McAb的制备及其主要特性的研究

将MDV京-1株强毒高温致弱毒株(B-1/at)感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)培养物经冻融、超声波裂解和差速离心制成粗提高毒抗原,免疫6～8周龄雌性BALB/C小鼠。取免疫鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,融合率为66％。用间接免疫荧光(IFA)法和间接ELISA法进行筛选,结果阳性率为25％,特异性阳性率为10.7％。通过有限稀释法克隆出D_(11)~3、D_(12)~3、和H_9~3三个分泌抗血清Ⅰ型MDV的McAb杂交瘤细胞株,其核内染色体数D_(11)~3为103±6条,D_(12)~3为96±6条,分泌的抗体均为IgG_1,k链。琼脂扩散试验(AGP)表明,无论有无聚乙二醇(PEG6000)存在,这些McAb均不产生特异性沉淀线,其IFA阳性反应能被特异性阳性血清阻断,经IFA、ELISA试验、IFA吸收试验和IFA、ELISA阻断试验等证明,这些McAb只与血清Ⅰ型MDV反应,不能与血清Ⅱ型MDV、血清Ⅲ型HVT和鸡的多种其它病毒发生交叉反应,也不与猪伪狂犬病病毒(Prv)双城株发生交叉反应,D_(12)~2株McAb有较明显的中和活性。经体内、外连续传代和冻存、复苏,两株细胞的分泌抗体能力稳定,     

鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫机理及其发展概况

马立克病毒(MDV)属于疱疹病毒，有3个血清型。血清Ⅰ型(MDV-Ⅰ)，包括致病性的强毒株和非致病性的弱毒株。血清Ⅱ型和血清Ⅲ型(MDV-Ⅱ，MDV-Ⅲ)为非致瘤病毒，临床上以外周神经、性腺、虹膜、各种脏器、肌肉和皮肤的单性细胞浸润为特征。自20世纪70年代，多用抗MD的致弱血清Ⅰ株或HVT免疫鸡。1983年开始使用双价和多价疫苗，以保护鸡体抵抗毒力较强的MDV毒株。尽管疫苗免疫是相当有效的，但由于MDV毒力的不断增强，自20世纪90年代开始使用三价苗。     

肉鸡马立克氏病荧光PCR诊断

正马立克氏病(MD)是由马立克氏病病毒(MDV)引起的一种常见的禽类淋巴组织增生性传染病,病禽以外周神经、虹膜、脏器及皮肤等组织器官发生单核细胞浸润并形成肿瘤为特征。依据生物学特性将MDV分成3个血清型,MDV-1型为致瘤MDV,MDV-2型为不致瘤MDV,MDV-3型为HVT,其中只有MDV-1型才具有致病性。     

马立克氏病病毒“814”疫苗株基因组重复区序列测定及分析

为了解马立克氏病病毒(MDV)强、弱毒株主要致肿瘤相关基因变异情况,本研究根据MDV GA株基因组序列,设计合成扩增基因组重复区的引物,得到MDV814疫苗株病毒基因组中约26kb的序列片段。与GenBank登录的强、弱毒株进行比较分析表明,扩增的MDV1型814疫苗株的长重复区为12774bp,预测的开放阅读框(ORF)有48个;短重复区为11426bp,预测的ORF有38个。发现了4个MDV814株特有的ORF。814株在编码Meq、RLORF6和23ku的重叠基因内具有类似于疫苗株CVI988的177bp的插入;在RLORF12基因编码区内存在69bp的缺失,该缺失位于病毒复制起始位点内。同时,发现7个814疫苗株特有的氨基酸突变,分布在6个ORF内。单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的鉴定发现,多个基因具有单核苷酸的突变,主要分布于Meq基因,其中氨基酸A115V(丙氨酸-缬氨酸),N142D(天冬酰胺-天门冬氨酸)的变异是814疫苗株所特有的。MDV814疫苗株重复区的基因序列的比较分析将有助于MDV致肿瘤机制的研究。     

表达禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒gp90蛋白的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建及生物学特性分析

禽网状内皮组织增生病(RE)是禽类一种重要免疫抑制性疾病,目前尚无有效的商品化疫苗预防该病。为研制表达RE病毒(REV)gp90蛋白的重组鸡马立克氏病病毒(MDV),本研究构建了含有REV保护性抗原基因gp90的pCAGGS-gp90表达质粒,将gp90表达框架克隆入pENTR1载体,获得重组质粒pENTR1-gp90。通过pENTR1-gp90与p814-5US2KanccdB重组粘粒的LR反应,将gp90表达框架插入p814-5粘粒中MDV 814疫苗株基因组US2基因内,构建重组粘粒p814-5-gp90。将该重组粘粒转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),获得重组MDV r814-gp90株。将该重组病毒在CEF中连续传至20代后对第5、10、15、20代病毒经PCR扩增并测序鉴定;利用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)和western blot检测重组MDV感染细胞中gp90蛋白的表达;绘制重组MDV的生长曲线,分析其体外复制特性。结果显示,正确构建了含有gp90表达框架的重组粘粒p814-5-gp90。将该重组粘粒转染CEF后能够引起典型的蚀斑病变,且蚀斑形态大小与亲本病毒814株无明显差异。PCR及测序鉴定结果显示,重组病毒r814-gp90基因组中正确插入gp90基因表达框架,且其能够在该重组病毒中稳定存在。IFA及western blot检测结果表明,r814-gp90株能够在感染的CEF中表达gp90蛋白。体外生长曲线显示,r814-gp90株在CEF中的复制能力与亲本病毒无明显差异。以上结果表明,本研究正确构建了表达REV保护性抗原gp90基因的重组MDV,为研制RE重组MDV活载体疫苗奠定了基础,对RE以及REV与MDV混合感染的防控具有重要意义。     

表达鸡新城疫病毒F蛋白的重组马立克氏病毒的构建及其鉴定

为构建表达鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)融合蛋白(F)的重组马立克氏病毒(MDV),本研究采用RT-PCR方法从NDV强毒株F48E9基因组中扩增出病毒的融合蛋白F基因,构建由CMV启动子和BGH polyA组成的2.7 kb F基因表达盒。将其插入带有黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶基因(gpt)和MDV US2同源臂的中间转移载体pUAB-gpt中获得重组MDV转移载体pUAB-gpt-wF。将该转移载体与MDV-814疫苗株感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)总DNA共转染CEF,经同源重组及gpt选择系统筛选,获得带有F基因表达盒的重组MDV(rMDV814-wF)。其体外增殖与亲本病毒没有差异。经间接免疫荧光试验、PCR、Southern-blot及western blot等试验证明,重组病毒在CEF中传至13代以上仍稳定表达NDV的F蛋白。该重组病毒的构建为MDV活载体疫苗的筛选及应用奠定了基础。     

整合进禽反转录病毒长末端重复序列的马立克氏病病毒的分离鉴定

应用鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)从曾免疫过CVI988/Rispens株疫苗的患马立克氏病(MD)肿瘤的三黄鸡中分离到一株马立克氏病病毒(MDV,命名为GXY2株。用禽肿瘤病聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴别诊断技术对患鸡的肿瘤组织病料及克隆纯化毒株的DEF培养物进行检测,结果均扩增到MDV-1强毒株的132-bpr特异性带和网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(REV)的长末端重复序列(LTR)。用基于抗MDV-1的gB蛋白单克隆抗体BA4、MEQ蛋白单克隆抗体3G12E6和抗REV的单克隆抗体11B118分别对毒株的培养物进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA),结果样品只与抗MDV-1的单克隆抗体呈现阳性反应,而与抗REV的单克隆抗体呈现阴性反应。应用PCR技术扩增并测定了毒株的致瘤相关基因meq的核苷酸序列,并与其他MDV-1参考毒株的序列进行比较分析,结果发现其序列与我们之前分离鉴定的MDV-1野强毒株G2和YL040920高度同源。研究的结果表明,分离株GXY2为整合有REVLTR片段的重组MDV强毒株。     

马立克氏病病毒光敏生物素核酸探针的制备及应用

从马立克氏病病毒(MDV)GA株Bam HI基因文库中选取L片段,用光敏生物素标记该片段,制备了MDV光敏生物素核酸探针。其检测灵敏度达Pg水平,保存期至少4个月。对细胞培养物中病毒核酸的检测结果表明,探针只与血清Ⅰ型MDV DNA发生分子杂交,而不与血清Ⅱ型(SB-1)和血清Ⅲ型(HVT)MDV DNA发生反应。分别以京-1株(血清Ⅰ型)和Fc126株(血清Ⅲ型)接种1日龄雏鸡,于14日龄和30日龄采用斑点杂交法检测羽髓提取的病毒DNA,结果京-1株均为阳性,Fc126株均为阴性,表明该探针可以用于MDV强毒株和HVT疫苗毒株的区别诊断。采用斑点杂交法检测实验感染MDV GA株的鸡全部为阳性(16/16),检出率为100％;而用琼脂免疫扩散试验的检出率为87.5％(14/10)。试验表明,所制备的MDV光敏生物素核酸探针具有特异性强、灵敏度高、无放射性污染等优点。为MDV强毒株的临床检测及MDV分子生物学研究提供了一种重要手段。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌单克隆抗体的制备及其基本性状研究

将多杀性巴氏杆菌（Ｐ．ｍ．）Ｃ４８－１株（Ｈｅｄｄｌｅｓｔｏｎ１型；Ｃａｒｔｅｒ分型５：Ａ）灭活后全菌免疫的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠脾细胞与ＳＰ／０骨髓瘤细胞在ＰＥＧ１０００作用下融合。用全菌包被的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测抗体，获得了２３株能稳定分泌抗Ｐ．ｍ．１型单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。杂交瘤细胞培养２个月和冻存３个月后复苏培养，均能稳定分泌特异性单克隆抗体。２３株腹水ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别从１０－３—１０－１１，无免疫沉淀性，也无凝集性。Ｉｇ类型鉴定表明，３株属于ＩｇＭ，２０株属于ＩｇＧ。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ检测结果表明：２３株单抗只与Ｐ．ｍ．１型起反应，而不与Ｐ．ｍ．３、４、１６型起反应，也不与禽类易感的鸡白痢沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、李氏杆菌起反应，具有型的特异性。用ＩＣ８Ｈ９腹水建立的夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检定Ｐ．ｍ．１型菌株，其敏感性高，特异性强，也更为方便。     

A comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy of rMd5deltaMeq and CVI988/ Rispens against a vv+ strain of Marek's disease virus infection in a series of recombinant congenic strains of White Leghorn chickens

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a highly infectious, oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus known as Marek's disease virus (MDV). MD is presently controlled by vaccination. Current MD vaccines include attenuated serotype 1 strains (e.g., CVI988/Rispens), avirulent serotype 2 (SB-1), and serotype 3 (HVT) MDV strains. In addition, recombinant MDV strains have been developed as potential new and more efficient vaccines to sustain the success of MD control in poultry. One of the candidate recombinant MDV strains, named rMd5deltaMeq, was derived from Md5, a very virulent strain of MDV lacking the MDV oncogene Meq. Our earlier reports suggest that rMd5deltaMeq provided protection equally well or better than commonly used MD vaccines in experimental and commercial lines of chickens challenged with very virulent plus (vv+) strains of MDV. In this study, maternal antibody-positive (trial 1) and negative (trial 2) chickens from a series of relatively MD resistant lines were either vaccinated with the rMd5deltaMeq or CVI988/Rispens followed by infection of a vv+ strain of MDV, 648A, passage 10. This report presents experimental evidence that the rMd5deltaMeq protected significantly better than the CVI988/Rispens (P < 0.01) in the relatively resistant experimental lines of chickens challenged with the vv+ strain of MDV. Together with early reports, the rMd5deltaMeq appeared to provide better protection, comparing with the most efficacious commercially available vaccine, CVI988/Rispens, for control of MD in lines of chickens regardless of their genetic background.     

Major histocompatibility complex class I is downregulated in Marek's disease virus infected chicken embryo fibroblasts and corrected by chicken interferon

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a part of the immune system which presents epitopes of intracellular antigens on the cell surface. MHC molecules have receptor-ligand binding affinities with T lymphocytes, permitting the latter to detect foreign intracellular infectious agents. Some pathogens, such as herpesviruses, have developed strategies of evading the host response by MHC. This pressure on the immune system brought, in turn, improvements in the antigen-presenting pathway, for example through the effect of interferon (IFN), which can upregulate MHC expression. The main objective of this work was on the one hand, to determine the abilities of three strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a chicken herpesvirus, in interfering with the expression of MHC class I molecules in chicken embryo fibroblasts. On the other hand, we analyzed the ability of IFN to reinstate this important immune capability to the infected cells. Our results show that only an oncogenic serotype 1 strain of MDV (RB1B) was able to markedly decrease MHC class I expression, and that addition of IFN reversed this MDV effect.     

Restriction endonuclease analysis of Marek's disease virus DNA: differentiation of viral strains and determination of passage history.

The restriction endonuclease (RE) patterns of DNA from serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses (MDVs) are unique to serotype 1 viruses and can also be used to differentiate between low and high cell-culture-passaged viruses. We compared the RE patterns of DNA from seven serotype 2 and 3 MDVs before and after serial in vitro passage. Passage of four serotype 2 strains resulted in a variety of changes in the RE pattern. Individual strains within a serotype exhibited unique restriction patterns that allowed individual isolates to be differentiated. In a similar manner, the serotype 3 virus strains displayed RE pattern variations that were unique to each strain, as well as differences between low and high cell-culture passage. Our findings, together with earlier reports, suggest that the RE patterns of MDV DNA provide a simple and accurate method to: 1) differentiate between the three MDV serotypes, 2) differentiate between virus strains within a serotype, and 3) determine whether the viruses have been passaged extensively in cell culture.     

Isolation of serotype 2 Marek's disease virus from birds belonging to genus Gallus in Japan

Serotype 2 of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was isolated from apparently healthy birds belonging to genus Gallus that had no history of vaccination with MDV or herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). Buffy-coat cells from these birds were inoculated onto chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures for primary isolation. Thirteen isolates from one golden pheasant and three white silky fowls, three black silky fowls, three Japanese long crowers, and three Japanese bantams produced herpes-like cytopathic effects (CPE) in the CEF cultures. Using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies to MDV and HVT, 11 isolates were identified as serotype 2 MDV by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The other two isolates were complicated with serotypes 1 and 3 of MDV-related viruses. Of 13 isolates, three cloned by the limiting-dilution method were further characterized as serotype 2 MDV biologically, genetically, and serologically. The results showed that the birds of the genus Gallus were naturally infected with serotype 2 MDV. This is the first report ever published about the distribution of serotype 2 MDV among healthy birds of the genus Gallus.     

抗Asia1型口蹄疫病毒单克隆抗体的制备及生物学特性鉴定

用纯化的Asia1型口蹄疫病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经间接ELISA和间接免疫荧光(IFA)筛选,有限稀释法克隆,获得了2株稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为3H6、5G3,其细胞培养上清效价分别为1:64和1:128,小鼠腹水效价分别为1×10~(-4)和8×10~(-3);ELISA和IFA结果显示,2株单抗仅与Asial型口蹄疫病毒反应,不与O型口蹄疫病毒反应,表明它们均为抗Asial型口蹄疫病毒的型特异性单克隆抗体。westem blot结果显示,2株单克隆抗体均不与全病毒抗原反应,表明它们所针对的抗原表位均为构象表位。相加ELISA试验表明,两株单抗识别不同的抗原表位。经硫氰酸盐洗脱法测定,3H6和5G3的相对亲和力指数分别为1.0 mol/L和1.5 mol/L。这2株单抗的获得为建立口蹄疫病毒检测方法提供了强有力的工具。     

Identification of virus-specific antigens in cultured cells infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 2 and CVI-988 strain

For the identification of serotype-specific antigens of Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1 (MDV1) or serotype 2 (MDV2), a total of 24 hybridoma clones, secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CVI-988 (MDV1) or HPRS-24 (MDV2) strain, were established and characterized by immunofluorescence assay, virus neutralization and immunoprecipitation analysis. Based upon the molecular weights (mol. wt.) of the immunoprecipitated polypeptides, the MAbs were subdivided into 7 groups. Among them, two groups of MAbs reacted with antigens that have not been reported, were identified. MAbs belonging to the first group reacted with CVI-988- and MDV2-specific antigens with mol. wt. ranging from 29 K to 34 K (29/34 K). This antigen was not found in cells infected with Md/5 and JM strains of MDV1, and the results of kinetic analysis of antigen expression showed this antigen appeared to be related to late membrane antigens. MAbs belonging to the second group immunoprecipitated MDV2-specific antigens with mol. wt. of 37 K, 33 K and 31 K from HPRS-24-infected cells or with those of 37 K, 34 K and 31 K from SB-1(MDV2)-infected cells, and these antigens appeared to be related to early antigens. MAbs belonging to the other 5 groups included those which recognized similar antigens reported previously or the antigens characterized insufficiently in this study.     

Detection of the meq gene in the T cell subsets from chickens infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 1

The meq gene was thought to be only detected in Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV 1) including a very virulent strain, Md5, while L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq open reading frame, is found in other strains of MDV 1, such as CVI 988/R6. However, both meq and L-meq were previously detected by PCR in chickens infected with MDV 1, suggesting that MDV 1 may consists of at least two subpopulations, one with meq, the other with L-meq. To further analyze these subpopulations, we analyzed the time course changes in distribution of these subpopulations among T cell subsets from chickens infected with MDV 1. Both meq and L-meq were detected in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infected with strain Md5 or CVI 988/R6. The shift in MDV subpopulations from one displaying meq to the other displaying L-meq and/or the conversion from meq to L-meq occurred mainly in the CD8+ T cell subset from Md5-infected chickens. PCR products corresponding to L-meq rather than meq were frequently amplified from the CD8+ T cell subset from CVI 988/R 6 -infected chickens. These results suggest that a dominant subpopulation of MDV 1 changes depending on the T cell subsets, and that L-meq is dominantly present in the CD8+ T cells which play a role in the clearance of pathogenic agents.     

Genome analysis of Marek's disease virus strain CVI-988: effect of cell culture passage on the inverted repeat regions.

The genomes of different derivatives of Marek's disease virus (MDV) strain CVI-988, a low oncogenic isolate of a serotype 1 MDV, were analyzed by restriction enzyme analyses to detect whether alterations occurred after passages in cell culture. DNA molecules of strain 988 isolated directly from blood cells contained mainly two copies of the 132-bp repeat sequence previously reported within BamH1-H and -D fragment as previously reported for more virulent MDV strains. Although a minority of virus particles showed repeat amplification was already at the fifth passage level, amplification mainly occurred between passages 17 and 34 in cell culture. In addition, a 400-bp deletion was detected within the BamH1-A fragment of two derivatives of CVI-988, 988C and 988C/R6.