甘蔗响应梢腐病菌侵染的蛋白质组学分析

本文旨在解析甘蔗响应梢腐病菌侵染过程中的生理生化机制,为甘蔗抗梢腐病育种及病害防治提供理论指导和科学参考。以我国甘蔗梢腐病主要致病菌Fusarium verticillioides孢子悬浮液为病原,以高抗梢腐病品种YT94/128和高感梢腐病品种GT37为宿主材料,在温室条件下进行针刺法接种,提取病情指数最严重时期,即接种后第14天的甘蔗叶片蛋白质进行iTRAQ定量表达分析。结果显示,从GT37中成功鉴定3707个蛋白,获得542个差异表达蛋白,其中上调表达187个,下调表达355个;从YT94/128中成功鉴定到3068个蛋白,获得差异蛋白449个,其中上调表达191个,下调表达258个。这说明遗传背景不同的甘蔗品种在蛋白质组成上有很大差异,推测这是不同甘蔗品种间抗梢腐病性差异的重要分子基础。     

海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种鉴定

采集海南蔗区8个县市24个乡镇的甘蔗黑穗病菌样品24份,通过甘蔗黑穗病菌鉴别寄主NCO376(免疫)、NCO310(抗小种2,感小种1)、F134(感小种2,抗小种1)、F173(高感)及主栽品种ROC22,确定海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌的生理小种.接种甘蔗黑穗病菌后1a新植,2a宿根的发病情况表明:海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种为小种2,或优势小种为小种2.这对了解海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病菌生理小种的分化及分布情况,以及对今后海南蔗区甘蔗黑穗病的防控及抗黑穗病甘蔗种质的选育提供依据.     

广西部分甘蔗品种对黑穗病的抗性测定

用混合冬孢子,通过人工浸渍接种田间种植法,对广西部分主栽甘蔗品种进行了抗性鉴定.结果表明,供试的7个广西甘蔗主栽品种中,粤糖93/159、桂糖94/116和新台糖25属中抗(MR)黑穗病的品种;新台糖10和新台糖16属中感(MS)黑穗病的品种;新台糖22和桂糖11,属感病品种.根据3个对照品种的抗性表现,推测广西甘蔗黑穗病菌群体包括1号小种和2号小种,可能存在3号小种.     

甘蔗黑穗病菌粗毒素对甘蔗愈伤组织的影响

甘蔗黑穗病菌(Ustiago Seitamimea Syd)的粗毒素处理三个甘蔗品种(新台糖10号、CP65／375和桂糖12号)的岔伤组织。接种粗毒素培养后，结果表明：甘蔗愈伤组织过氧化物酶活性的变化情况与品种的抗病性有关。     

与甘蔗抗黑穗病性相关的14-3-3基因的克隆和表达分析

为了解14-3-3基因在甘蔗黑穗病抗性中的作用,本研究以课题组前期构建的甘蔗抗黑穗病抑制消减杂交文库中筛选出的1个与14-3-3基因同源的EST序列作为探针,利用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法从甘蔗ROC22品种中分离到1个Sc14-3-3基因(Gen Bank Accession Number:KJ577592),并对其序列信息和基因表达情况进行分析。结果显示,该基因ORF长771 bp,编码256个氨基酸残基;Sc14-3-3是定位于细胞质的亲水蛋白,无跨膜螺旋区及信号肽,有10个Ser、3个Thr和7个Tyr潜在的磷酸化位点,并在N-端有4个蛋白结合区和1个多核苷酸结合区,对翻译和能量新陈代谢起着重要作用;该蛋白属非ε类群,其N-端和中间区域在不同物种间相对保守,C-端差异相对较大。基因表达模式分析显示,Sc14-3-3基因可能参与甘蔗对生物逆境的细胞免疫响应,其对Me JA介导的信号途径应答较SA和ABA早;黑穗病菌胁迫下,Sc14-3-3基因在甘蔗抗感品种中的表达模式存在差异,其在抗黑穗病品种YC05-179中上调表达且表达量变化明显,揭示了该基因参与甘蔗对黑穗病的应答反应。以上结果为甘蔗Sc14-3-3基因的功能研究积累了一定的基础资料,并为今后甘蔗的抗病分子育种提供后备基因资源。     

中蔗系列甘蔗品种的黑穗病抗性鉴定

黑穗病是广西蔗区最主要的病害。本研究利用人工接种结合病区大田自然发病的方法,用4对甘蔗黑穗病菌交配型单倍体菌株分别注射接种,对本实验室培育的甘蔗新品种(系)中蔗1号、中蔗6号和中蔗9号及广西主栽品种ROC22进行甘蔗黑穗病抗性评价。结果表明,4个甘蔗品种对黑穗病抗性从强到弱排序依次为:中蔗9号>中蔗1号>中蔗6号>ROC22。对重病区田间一年宿根自然发病进行全年跟踪调查,中蔗1号和中蔗6号黑穗病发病率为零,中蔗9号发病率为0.4%,ROC22为6.8%。结论:中蔗系列甘蔗品种有很强的黑穗病抗性。     

甘蔗几丁质酶基因ScChiⅦ1的克隆与表达分析

以甘蔗(Saccharum spp.hybrid)抗黑穗病基因型崖城05-179为材料,采用同源克隆法获得了1个几丁质酶基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为KF279661),命名为ScChiⅦ1,序列长907 bp,编码299个氨基酸,属于糖苷水解酶第19家族,预测为胞外分泌蛋白且兼具溶菌酶活性。聚类分析显示,该基因与其他植物ClassⅦ几丁质酶基因聚为一类。基因组序列(GenBank登录号为KF279662)分析显示,该基因含有2个长度分别为615 bp和86 bp的内含子。实时荧光定量分析结果表明,甘蔗黑穗病菌胁迫下,ScChiⅦ1在抗病(崖城05-179)和感病基因型(柳城03-182)中差异表达,推测ScChiⅦ1可能参与黑穗病菌胁迫的防御反应。组织特异性表达分析结果显示,ScChiⅦ1在甘蔗叶、芽、皮、肉、根中均有表达,但在芽中表达量最高,推测与该病原从蔗芽侵入有关。研究结果为进一步研究甘蔗几丁质酶基因功能及甘蔗与黑穗病菌互作机制提供了有益的信息。     

桂糖甘蔗新品系黑穗病抗性鉴定及结果分析

防治甘蔗黑穗病最有效的途径是种植抗病品种,而评价甘蔗抗黑穗病是抗病品种选育过程中重要程序。本研究对广西农科院甘蔗研究所选育的8个桂糖甘蔗新品系进行人工浸渍接种甘蔗鞭黑粉菌混合冬孢子悬浮液,同时调查大田自然发病情况,收集一新一宿黑穗病发病情况。 ROC22号为对照品种,综合评价桂糖甘蔗新品系对黑穗病的抗性。结果表明：抗性类型为抗病的品系有2个,分别为桂糖12-765和桂糖12-2262。抗性类型为中抗的品系有2个,分别为桂糖12-2476和桂糖12-2004。抗性类型为中感的品系有1个,为桂糖12-162。抗性类型为感病的品系有3个,分别为桂糖12-762、桂糖12-2425和桂糖12-917。对照品种ROC22的综合抗性类型为感病。对比人工接种和自然发病结果,人工接种黑穗病更准确评价甘蔗品种抗黑穗病的水平,为选育高产高糖高抗黑穗病甘蔗品种提供依据。     

甘蔗新亲本材料的黑穗病抗性鉴定与评价

甘蔗优异亲本材料的黑穗病抗性鉴定与评价是抗黑穗病育种的基础.采用浸渍接种法与田间自然感病法相结合,对54个自育的甘蔗新亲本进行抗黑穗病鉴定与评价.试验结果表明浸渍接种条件下参试品种平均发病率为29.76％,比自然感病率4.94％增加了24.82个百分点.抗性鉴定结果表明抗性水平为高抗的亲本有'云蔗14-1006'、'云...     

小麦L699叶片受白粉菌胁迫后蛋白质的差异表达

为从蛋白组学角度认识小麦抗白粉病机制,以含有抗白粉病新基因Pm40的小麦品系L699为材料,采用蛋白质双向电泳和质谱技术(MALDI-TOF-MS)检测小麦叶片接种白粉菌24h后的差异蛋白。结果表明,经PDQuest软件分析,接种白粉菌后小麦叶片中有18个蛋白质斑点表达量上调,38个蛋白质斑点表达量下调。对表达量上调的蛋白质斑点进行质谱分析和数据库检索,共鉴定出15种蛋白质,其中13种参与防御反应、碳水化合物代谢和蛋白质周转。这些差异蛋白与抗病途径、植株生理过程密切相关,在小麦抗白粉病过程中起很重要的作用。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

玉米大斑病菌对广州地区甜玉米的致病性观测

通过对桂甜和华珍两个甜玉米品种的玉米大斑病病斑扩展速率及病情指数的研究结果表明,不同品种对玉米大斑病菌的抗性存在明显的差异;病斑的产孢特性显示,病斑首次产孢量显著高于再次产孢量。通过比较不同温度下的菌丝生长量,分析出广州地区玉米大斑病菌的主要构成属于高温型。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

龙眼种质资源果实经济性状的稳定性评价

为了探讨龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)种质果实性状的稳定性,连续3a对40份不同基因型龙眼种质果实数量性状的年际间表现进行测定比较。结果表明,在气候条件差异较大的不同年份,单果重、果皮重、果肉重、种子重、果皮厚、可食率、可溶性固形含量等果实性状均表现丰富的多样性,并存在年际间的显著或极显著水平差异,气候条件对果实数量性状有显著影响;不同性状的稳定性有差异,其中可食率的稳定性最高,其次是可溶性固形物含量。通过聚类分析,可将40份龙眼种质按果实性状稳定性分成7类。     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Selection of parents on the basis of components of yield

Parents selected on the basis of large numbers of tubers greater than 21/4″ or large size of tubers greater than 21/4″ did not produce progenies that were any higher yielding than selecting parents for high yield without regard to the components. It was possible to increase the average size of tubers of the progenies by selecting for large size of tubers in at least one of the parents.     

粤西地区橡胶树炭疽病流行因素分析

对橡胶树炭疽病发生和流行的调查、观察结果表明，病菌越冬场所广泛，其寄主带菌率高（40％－100％）。一年中只要抽嫩叶病菌都可以侵染为害，在橡胶树抽第一蓬叶时遇上雨天高湿环境病害就可注行。分析粤西地区20a资料发现，嫩叶期间的雨日和＞90％RH的天数、嫩叶期长短、嫩叶期寒潮（11－15℃）的天数及最低温度在11℃以下的天数与寅害流行密切相关。嫩叶期间的雨日和＞90％RH的天是病害流行的主导因素，低温阴雨天气是加速病害发展的重要条件。