新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种群数量调查

为了查清新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种群的现状和有效保护与合理利用野生马鹿资源,2010—2011年采用截线抽样法对新疆南山山区天山马鹿的栖息地和种群现状进行了考察。共调查35条样线,总长度78km,遇见马鹿158头,平均密度为0．52512±0．064758头／km2,栖息地面积697km2,估计马鹿总数为366．0±45．1头。雌雄比例2．5：l,亚成体和成体数量明显大于幼体和老体数量。研究区域内马鹿的种群密度和资源总数量比往年有所下降;但从性比和年龄结构来看该研究区域马鹿种群有增长的潜力。     

基于粪便分子生物学技术的中国马鹿分子生态学研究进展

中国马鹿分为东北亚种、天山亚种、塔里木亚种、甘肃亚种、川西亚种、阿拉善亚种、西藏亚种和阿尔泰亚种。根据文献资料系统性总结了以粪便为研究材料对中国马鹿各个亚种的分子生态学的研究现状,展望了中国马鹿分子生态学需要研究的问题;具体介绍了马鹿分子生态学中研究很少的亲权鉴定、近亲交配和家域利用方面的研究现状并提出了进一步的研究趋势。为中国马鹿的种群恢复、保护管理以及科学研究提供依据。     

新疆马鹿的生存现状与饲养

新疆是我国马鹿(Cerous elaphus)的重要分布区,分布范围广,资源储量丰富,栖息地环境多样,亚种分化繁多。丰富的野生资源,促进了养鹿业的形成与发展。因此,新疆马鹿的生存状况,受到有关部门和动物学工作者的关注。高行宜等(1986),谷景和等(1987)对新疆马鹿的分布、栖息地、亚种和资源作了研究报道。潘怀玉等(1986—1988)对圈养马鹿的配种技术、仔鹿哺乳和产品加工等进行了研究。新疆中药普查办公室(1988)对新疆马鹿的分布、资源、饲养、产品及其贸易情况     

马鹿的起源进化与遗传多样性研究进展

马鹿是非常重要的物种资源,由于栖息地的流失和人为干扰进行近亲繁殖等导致野生马鹿数量急剧减少,而家养马鹿多经过改良,因此马鹿的纯种数量锐减。对马鹿进行分子遗传学研究不仅可以加深人们对马鹿起源和物种形成的认识,还能帮助开展遗传多样性保护研究。随着高通量测序技术、分子生物学和生物信息学的迅速发展,马鹿的起源进化研究已发展到全基因组水平,并取得了一定的成果。马鹿的起源进化研究从最初对体态外貌和染色体核型的研究逐渐发展到对DNA序列与生理指标的研究。文章回顾了近年来国内外对马鹿起源进化和遗传多样性方面的研究,从起源时间、起源地和迁徙路线等方面揭示了马鹿的演化历史,介绍了父系、母系和常染色体研究方面分析了马鹿遗传多样性选取的不同分子标记,为进一步揭示马鹿种群的遗传变异、分化情况、迁徙路线和系统发育关系等提供基础信息,同时为马鹿遗传资源的利用和保护以及马鹿产业的良性发展提供重要的借鉴与参考。     

新疆的马鹿

马鹿Cervus elaphus Linnaeus在新疆境内有北疆亚种C.e.sibiricus Severzov,东疆亚种C.e.songaricus Severtzov与塔里木亚种C.e.yarkandensis Blanford等三个亚种。新疆是我国马鹿的重要产地,丰富的资源为养鹿业的发展提供了坚实基础。由于马鹿驯养管理简单,经济效益显著,新疆的养鹿业得以不断发展;扑捉的仔鹿,一部份就地驯养外,并为其他省(区)提供了大量种源,成为我国马鹿驯养繁殖、鹿茸生产和提供种源的重要基地。一、资源储量估算马鹿作为栖息密度不高的大型兽类,被直接观察到的个体数不多,给数量统计带来困难。为对其资源储量作出估算,我们利用     

天山马鹿品种资源调查报告

<正>天山马鹿是产于新疆维吾尔自治区天山山脉的一个鹿的品种,又称准噶尔马鹿或伊犁马鹿,野生天山马鹿是国家二类保护动物,目前在北天山深山丛林中自然繁殖的种群已不足1万只。经家养驯化后的天山马鹿,中心产区位于伊犁哈萨克自治州直察布查尔锡伯自治县(以下简称察布查尔县)、伊宁市、伊宁县,另在昭苏、特克斯、巩留等县有少量的分布     

利用Y染色体SRY基因分析马鹿的父系起源和遗传多样性

试验旨在从分子水平上研究中国马鹿的父系起源结构和遗传多样性水平,判断各种群间的系统发育关系和亲缘关系远近。通过DNA提取、PCR扩增和直接测序的方法,对天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿等11个群体共159头马鹿的SRY基因序列进行了检测和分析,计算碱基组成、核苷酸多样性（Pi）、单倍型多样性（Hd）以评估遗传多样性,构建单倍型网络图;以白唇鹿为外群,用邻接法（NJ）和最大似然法（ML）构建系统进化树,探讨马鹿的聚类及遗传多样性。结果显示,所获序列长度为1 615 bp,在基因中共鉴定出18个SNPs多态性位点,占核苷酸总数的1.11%,根据多态性位点鉴定出14个单倍型,优势单倍型为Hap-1,所占频率35.84%,为天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王种群的共有单倍型。其中,阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、川藏马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王均具有独有单倍型。单倍型多样性介于0~0.857,核苷酸多样性介于0~0.00272,各亚种间遗传距离最大的是塔河马鹿与西藏马鹿（0.002406）,最小的是阿拉善马鹿与青海马鹿（0.000124）。基于邻接法和最大似然法构建的系统进化树一致,显示11个野生马鹿种群间共存在3个分支,支系S1包含全部马鹿种群,塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王构成支系S2,北美马鹿构成支系S3,单倍型最小网络图与系统进化树一致。表明各马鹿种群之间的遗传多样性存在差异,塔河马鹿、高产鹿王和甘肃马鹿分别存在2个父系类型,北美马鹿存在3个父系类型,其他马鹿种群只存在1个父系类型,Hap-1在单倍型组S1中处于核心位置,其他单倍型分散分布于其周围,推测Hap-1为马鹿种群中较为原始的单倍型。     

鹿属动物的驯化要点

鹿属(Cervus)。在我国有梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、白唇鹿(Cervus dlbirostris)海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi)、水鹿(Cervusunicolor)等五种,都是国家保护对象。到目前为止,这五种鹿都有野生的和人工驯养的种群,只是数量相差十分悬殊而已。自1963年以来曾先后从事过水鹿、梅花鹿、海南坡鹿以及引进的爪哇鹿(Cervus hippe—     

祁连山地的白臀鹿

白臀鹿(Cervus elaphus kansuensis Pocock),又名甘肃马鹿,是马鹿的一个地方亚种。它不同于马鹿的其他亚种之处在长于,体形大,体160—240厘米;肩高     

东北地区三种鹿科动物潜在栖息地预测与保护空缺分析

栖息地是野生动物赖以生存的根本,掌握物种潜在栖息地的空间分布及其与环境因子的关系可以加强对物种的保护。鹿科(Cervidae)动物是东北地区森林等生态系统不可或缺的一部分,本研究选取东北地区3种鹿科动物马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、驼鹿(Alces alces)为研究对象,通过查阅文献、全球生物多样性信息网络数据库(GBIF)以及部分外业数据得到物种分布点,运用MaxEnt软件对3种鹿科动物进行潜在栖息地预测,模型AUC值如下:马鹿0.939,梅花鹿0.991以及驼鹿0.861。将模拟得到的潜在栖息地与东北地区保护区叠加进行保护空缺分析。模型模拟得出的潜在栖息地占整个东北地区面积:马鹿(25.85%)、梅花鹿(0.99%)以及驼鹿(13.83%);潜在栖息地被现有保护区覆盖率:马鹿(10.03%)、梅花鹿(21.70%)、驼鹿(8.85%),尚有大部分潜在栖息地未得到自然保护区覆盖。上述研究结果对这3种国家级保护鹿科动物的保护管理规划的制定提供了有益参考。     

Genetic variation in domestic and wild elk (Cervus elaphus)

Elk (Cervus elaphus) have recently been established as domestic livestock derived from extant wild populations and may provide insights into changes in genetic variation during domestication. We compared genetic variation at 10 microsatellite DNA loci and the mitochondrial DNA D-loop in 2 herds of domestic elk in Alaska and Canada and wild elk from 8 locations in western North America and Asia. Average individual heterozygosity was 0.55 in domestic elk and 0.47 in wild elk, average number of alleles per locus was 4.1 in domestic elk and 3.9 in wild elk, and 4 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were observed in domestic elk and 3 in wild elk. Levels of genetic variation were not significantly different among the domestic elk and wild elk we analyzed. Our results are consistent with other studies showing that genetic variation can be maintained in domestic and wild populations of elk and other deer with appropriate management.     

BTV infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review

The distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. Vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout Europe to control BT expansion. The high density of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in some European regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated European wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. Most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to BTV infection, although frequently asymptomatically. The red deer population density in Europe is similar to that of domestic livestock in some areas, and red deer could account for a significant percentage of the BTV-infection susceptible ruminant population in certain regions. High serum antibody prevalence has been found in red deer, and BTV RNA (BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8) has been repeatedly detected in naturally infected European red deer by means of RT-PCR. Moreover, red deer may carry the virus asymptomatically for long periods. Epidemiological studies suggest that there are more BT cases in domestic ungulates in those areas where red deer are present. Vector and host density and environmental factors are implicated in the spatial distribution of BT. As in domestic ruminants, BTV transmission among wild ruminants depends almost exclusively on Culicoides vectors, mainly C. imicola but also members of the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complex. However, BTV transmission from red deer to the vector remains to be demonstrated. Transplacental, oral, and mechanical transmissions are also suspected. Thus, wild red deer contribute to the still unclear epidemiology of BTV in Europe, and could complicate BTV control in domestic ruminants. However, further research at the wildlife host-vector-pathogen interface and regarding the epidemiology of BT and BT vectors in wildlife habitats is needed to confirm this hypothesis. Moreover, red deer could be used as BT sentinels. Serum and spleen tissue of calves sampled from late autumn onwards should be the target samples when establishing a BTV surveillance program.     

贺兰山野生有蹄类动物的经济价值及种群动态变化

记述了贺兰山的4种野生有蹄类动物——马麝、马鹿、岩羊、鹅喉羚的经济价值及目前的种群动态变化,对贺兰山野生有蹄类动物的种群致危原因进行了分析,并据此提出了相应的保护管理建议。     

Learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near Riding Mountain National Park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak

Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, is home to a population of free-roaming elk (Cervus elaphus manitobensis) that have been found to be infected with Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). The disease has also been found in a number of cattle herds near the Park and, as a result, Manitoba has been assigned a split status for bovine TB. A number of government agencies, with input from representatives from the wildlife and agricultural sectors, have responded by devising a program to detect, investigate, control, eradicate, and prevent TB in both wild and domestic animals. Experience from these efforts can be applied to the control of other diseases, such a foreign animal disease, elsewhere in Canada.     

A review of viral diseases of the European wild boar: effects of population dynamics and reservoir rôle

There has been a worldwide increase in the number and geographical spread of wild boar populations in recent decades leading to an increase in both the circulation of disease agents and greater contact with domestic animals and humans. Diseases affect the population dynamics of wildlife but the effects of most viral diseases on the European wild boar are largely unknown. Many viral diseases present in domestic pig populations are also present in wild boars where they can provide a disease reservoir, as is clearly the case with classical swine fever, but little is known about other viral diseases such as porcine circovirus diseases or hepatitis E. This review considers the current scientific knowledge of the effects of viral diseases on wild boar populations and their r?le as potential disease reservoirs. The focus is on those viral diseases of domestic swine and wild boars that are included as notifiable by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE).     

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from wild ungulates in south-central Spain

The role of European wild ungulates in the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) is still under discussion. This study describes the geographical distribution and molecular typing of 77 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates belonging either to M. bovis or to M. caprae, cultivated from hunter harvested red deer (Cervus elaphus) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa) in 24 Spanish localities, and compares them with spoligotypes detected previously in humans, livestock or wild animals, as described in the literature. The distribution of the molecular type patterns suggests that the population of M. tuberculosis complex strains isolated from Spanish wild ungulates is spatially structured despite the lack of important geographical barriers and despite the increasingly frequent wildlife translocations. Red deer and the European wild boar can share the same molecular types in localities in which the M. tuberculosis complex was isolated from both species. Strains of bovine and caprine origin do circulate in the same local wildlife populations. Six out of 11 spoligotypes were similar to types described in human cases. The isolation of TB strains in fenced estates from wild animals that have not had contact with domestic livestock for at least the past two decades, strongly suggests that the M. tuberculosis complex is able to survive in these populations. Therefore, wildlife including cervids and the wild boar need to be considered in the epidemiology and control of tuberculosis.     

俄罗斯与中国紫貂保护利用现状的比较

俄罗斯是紫貂的主要分布区,野生紫貂资源量约为100~130万只,且人工饲养紫貂技术先进、圈养紫貂规模较大。据统计,近年来俄罗斯每年产30~40万张野生紫貂皮、10~20万张圈养紫貂皮。相对而言,中国紫貂资源状况堪忧,启动我国对紫貂保护和发展资源的措施已经刻不容缓。本文从俄罗斯与中国野生及圈养紫貂种群现状及利用的角度出发...     

野生柑橘宜昌橙分布特征及资源评价

宜昌橙（Cirtus caraleriei）是中国特有的野生柑橘资源,为柑橘属中抗寒性最强的原始野生种类,较耐瘠薄和荫蔽,果实供药用,可作柑橘的抗逆砧木和矮化砧木。通过研究国内主要标本馆的馆藏标本和文献资料,分析了宜昌橙的地理分布特征与主要分布区的资源特点。基于402份宜昌橙馆藏标本的分析结果表明: 野生宜昌橙主要分布于我国南方的四川、重庆、湖北、湖南、贵州、广西、云南、陕西、甘肃等9个省区、直辖市,分布区域广、海拔差异较大;不同地区宜昌橙生境和分布数量存在较大差异,陕西和甘肃两个地区采集标本的数量明显少于其他地区,为宜昌橙分布的最北沿;虽然分布点较多,但每个居群的个体数较少,资源储量严重不足。研究结果可为研究宜昌橙的地理分布及资源开发利用、保护等研究提供基础资料。     

Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates

The aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and PCR analyses the prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in Spain. Sera were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (Dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). Sera were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and C. burnetii DNA was amplified by PCR in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase II antigens. Twenty-nine, 15 and 39 percent of the red deer, roe deer and cattle had antibodies against C. burnetii, respectively. None of the fallow deer sera tested positive. Seroprevalence was statistically higher in farmed than in wild red deer and higher in northern than in southern populations, whereas an inverse pattern was observed for the roe deer. Most of the seropositive animals had only anti-C. burnetii phase II antibodies, thus showing the acute nature of infections in the sampled ungulates. These results show that C. burnetii circulates in wild ungulates in Spain and suggest that they can act as pathogen reservoirs for both domestic animals and humans.     

Evidence for BTV-4 circulation in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Cabañeros National Park, Spain

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV-4 spread through southern Spain from 2004 to 2006, whereas a BTV-1 outbreak that started in southern Spain in 2007 is still ongoing. Vaccination and movement restriction regulations are applied to domestic ruminants to control BT, but the potential reservoir role of wild European ungulates has not been clarified so far. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of BTV in the wild free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) population of Caba?eros National Park (CNP) in central Spain during the BTV-4 and BTV-1 epizootics, assessing the potential role of this deer population as a BTV reservoir. Blood samples from 2885 (2542 adults, 208 calves and 135 undetermined) wild red deer were collected from 2005 to 2010 in CNP and surrounding hunting estates. All sera were tested for antibodies against the BTV VP7 protein by ELISA. Ninety-four of the ELISA-positive samples were analysed by serum neutralization to detect BTV-4 and BTV-1 specific antibodies, and 142 blood samples were analysed by RT-PCR for BTV RNA. A total of 371 (12.9%) out of the 2,885 deer (35/208 calves, 307/2,542 adults, and 29/135 undetermined) were positive for antibodies against BTV. Prevalence increased in adult deer from 2005-2006 to 2008-2009, declining thereafter. No positive samples for BTV-1 were found by serum neutralization, whereas 43 deer (38 adults, four calves and one undetermined) were positive for BTV-4 specific antibodies. No BTV RNA positive deer were found by RT-PCR. Antibody detection throughout the study period suggests a maintained circulation of BTV in red deer. However, the lack of BTV RNA detection suggests a minor transmission risk to livestock.