新疆塔什库尔干岩羊和北山羊种群密度调查

有蹄类动物为新疆塔什库尔干地区分布的雪豹、狼和猞猁等捕食动物提供了重要的食物资源。为了掌握该地区主要野生有蹄类动物的种群密度,于2009年2～3月通过车行样线和步行样线2种调查方式,采用距离取样方法,对岩羊和北山羊种群数量进行了调查分析。车行样线调查获得的岩羊密度为1.791～6.751只/km~2,北山羊密度为0～0.140只/km~2。步行样线调查获得的密度较低,岩羊和北山羊分别为0.008～0.698只/km~2和0.023～0.252只/km~2。调查结果显示该地区岩羊和北山羊种群密度较上世纪80年代中期有所下降。     

阿克苏拜城天山区盘羊和北山羊的分布与种群资源现状

根据2008～2009年实地考察研究结果,着重就该区2种有蹄类动物的分布、种群数量以及有关问题作概要性探讨。调查研究结果表明：（1）老虎台盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=8.49/8=1.06只/km^2,黑英山盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=5.34/3=1.78只/km^2。整个分布区盘羊种群数量1 488只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=480×1.06=509只,黑英山分布区种群数量=550×1.78=979只。（2）老虎台北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=14.59/5=2.92只/km^2,黑英山北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=7.01/4=1.75只/km^2。整个分布区北山羊种群数量5 604只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=1 200×2.92=3 504只,黑英山分布区种群数量=1 200×1.75=2 100只。以上数据为该区2种野生有蹄类动物开展狩猎与保护提供了对策性依据。     

甘肃盐池湾自然保护区有蹄类动物资源变化

甘肃盐池湾自然保护区是野生动物类型自然保护区,主要保护高山有蹄类动物。为了解这个保护区10多年有蹄类动物资源的消长变化,2002年7~8月对保护区的有蹄类动物和当地环境进行调查,此次调查共记录到5种有蹄类动物:藏野驴(Equus kiang)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)、鹅喉羚(Gazella subguturosa)、盘羊(Ovis ammon)和岩羊(Pseudois nayaur),其中岩羊的种群数量最高,0.894 6只/km2。与1987年相比,岩羊的数量明显下降,而鹅喉羚的数量明显增加,其它3种动物数量变化不大。水土流失、草场退化、虫鼠害猖獗、淘金与乱捕滥猎等是盐池湾自然保护区有蹄类动物数量变化的主要原因。     

卡尔墩地区的有蹄类分布与数量调查

卡尔墩为阿尔金山自然保护区有蹄类动物野牦牛(Bos grunniens),藏野驴(Equushemionus)藏羚(Pantholops hodgsoni),普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)的集中分布区域,面积为3550平方公里。这里水草丰茂,自然条件优越,是野生有蹄类动物的理想栖息繁殖地,具有高原生态系统的典型代表性。了解这个地区的有蹄类动物的分布和数量,对认识我国面积最大的阿尔金山自然保护区的动物资源及合理开发、利用这一自然资源颇具意义。 1984年至1986年,笔者曾四次深入到这个人迹罕至的无人区,着重对有蹄类动物的分布与数量进行了调查统计,现将三年来的     

有蹄类营养生态学研究进展

有蹄类动物营养生态学是一门正在兴起的新学科,是现代生态学领域研究动物食物数量和质量、营养适应以及营养对种群特征作用规律的分支学科.动物种群和其环境中食物资源的相互关系及作用机理构成了这一学科的基本研究内容.本文从食性分析、营养状况评价、食物营养质量评价、消化与能量代谢、取食行为、营养容纳量和营养生态位等主要方面对这一学科进行了探讨.     

北美毛皮业（下）

毛皮动物资源的保护管理和利用 野生毛皮动物资源不仅向毛皮市场提供15％～20％的产品份额,更重要的是野生毛皮动物是重要的种质基因库,是家养毛皮动物的种质资源源泉。家养种群的品种复壮和改良,必须依靠野生种群健康基因的输     

驯养经济动物养殖及种群遗传多样性的研究方法

我国貉、银狐、北极狐、水貂、梅花鹿等野生动物养殖作为一项新兴的产业已成为建设新农村新的经济增长点,但是无论是野外资源的保护成效,还是人工驯养繁殖业的发展状况以及野生动物及其产品的经营利用秩序与社会需要和客观要求相比,还存在着相当大的差距。与野外环境中的种群比较,圈养种群是进行遗传学研究的最好的模型对象,对于研究野生种群近交与群体灭绝间的关系是非常合适的材料。目前国内外对于驯养经济动物与野生种群遗传多样性的研究主要集中于线粒体DNA、核糖体DNA、微卫星分子标记及主要组织相容性复合体等几个方面。作者针对目前国内外尤其是国内有关驯养经济动物养殖现状及其与野生种群形态、遗传多样性差异几个重要研究技术方面的研究进行了详细的论述和探讨,旨在通过利用我国养殖的野生小种群遗传学特性,为珍稀野生动物种群保护遗传学研究及加快国内经济动物养殖提供理论支持。     

四川铁布自然保护区梅花鹿现状

梅花鹿是东亚特产动物,然而目前尚存的野生种群仅千余只。分布于四川省若尔盖县铁布自然保护区的四川梅花鹿(Cervus nippon sichuanicus)是其中最大的一群,占全部野生种群数量的50%以上。因此,保护好这一珍贵种群,对于中国乃至世界的野生梅花鹿的生存有着决定性意义。笔者于1996年10月和1997年3~11月在铁布自然保护区对梅花鹿种群进行了调查,报道如下。     

大丰麋鹿放归自然时的特殊行为习性观察

<正>1背景麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)为我国特有物种,国家一级保护动物,其野生种群早已灭绝。1986年,由原国家林业部和世界自然基金会(WWF)合作,从英国重引进39头麋鹿(13♂、26♀),在江苏省大丰县建立了我国第一个麋鹿自然保护区,实施麋鹿重引进项目。截至2014年底,大丰麋鹿种群扩大到2360头,其中野生种群为235头。目前,世界上麋鹿总数近5000头,其中多数采用圈养方式。因此,大丰麋鹿种群的复壮和其野生种群     

肃南肃北草原野生动物资源调查研究

通过对肃南、肃北草原野生动物资源3年的调查研究分析,结果表明,祁连山地及马鬃山区草原地带活动的主要陆生脊椎野生动物种群可划分为5个类群,高山寒漠动物群、高山草甸动物群、荒漠动物群、沼泽动物群和村庄农田动物群,有蹄类、食肉类、爬行类、两栖类、鱼类、啮齿类、鸟类及昆虫类约有800多种;国家级保护动物共有34种,占肃南、肃北鸟兽种数的26%。其中国家一级保护动物有10种;国家二级保护动物有24种。     

A survey of the transmission of infectious diseases/infections between wild and domestic ungulates in Europe

ABSTRACT: The domestic animals/wildlife interface is becoming a global issue of growing interest. However, despite studies on wildlife diseases being in expansion, the epidemiological role of wild animals in the transmission of infectious diseases remains unclear most of the time. Multiple diseases affecting livestock have already been identified in wildlife, especially in wild ungulates. The first objective of this paper was to establish a list of infections already reported in European wild ungulates. For each disease/infection, three additional materials develop examples already published, specifying the epidemiological role of the species as assigned by the authors. Furthermore, risk factors associated with interactions between wild and domestic animals and regarding emerging infectious diseases are summarized. Finally, the wildlife surveillance measures implemented in different European countries are presented. New research areas are proposed in order to provide efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.     

Perinatal mortality and season of birth in captive wild ungulates

The magnitude of perinatal mortality in 50 species of captive wild ungulates born at the Zoological Society of London's collections at Regent's Park and Whipsnade between 1975 and 1985 is reviewed. Thirty-five per cent of 2471 ungulates born during this 11 year period died before six months old and most deaths occurred in the first week after birth. Similar findings have been reported at other zoos and in the wild. The seasonal distribution of births is described in 43 species. Significantly higher perinatal mortality was found in species which breed throughout the year (notably axis deer and sitatunga) than in seasonal breeders, and differences associated with system of management were apparent in some species (eg, mouflon and scimitar-horned oryx) kept at Regent's Park and Whipsnade. Considerable advances have been made in the management of captive wild ungulates in recent years but it is likely that perinatal mortality rates could be further reduced by improved management and veterinary care of the dams and neonates.     

Assessing the impacts of domesticated versus wild ungulates on terrestrial small mammal assemblages at Telperion Nature Reserve,South Africa

Grazing by large mammals alters vegetation physiognomy, consequently changing habitat suitability for small mammal communities. We investigated the response of terrestrial small mammals to grazing by wild and domesticated ungulates at the boundary of a protected area (Telperion Nature Reserve) and surrounding cattle ranches in Mpumalanga, South Africa over two seasons. Fifteen paired grids were set on either side of the boundary fence at which small mammals were trapped in Sherman live traps placed flat on the ground. A total of 11 760 trap nights resulted in the capture of 187 animals belonging to 14 species (11 rodents, two shrews and one elephant shrew). The small mammal communities in grasslands grazed by domesticated or wild ungulates were similar in abundance, species richness, diversity and demographic parameters, likely due to the fact that vegetation structure of the two grazing systems was also similar. We used generalised linear models to show that rock and grass cover were plausible predictors of small mammal abundance in this system. Rock cover showed a positive relationship with small mammal abundance whilst grass cover showed a negative relationship. Our observations suggest that at the scale of our study and with the current stocking densities, wild and domesticated ungulates have similar impacts on the small mammal community.     

Vigilance in Cattle: The Influence of Predation,Social Interactions,and Environmental Factors

Vigilant behavior in wild ungulates is critical to guard against predation. However, few studies have examined vigilant behavior in domesticated ungulates. Considering the expansion of large predator populations, understanding vigilant behavior and factors that influence it will help with the management of livestock. We observed adult female cattle (Bos taurus L.) in open-range conditions where large predators (wolves [Canis lupus L.] and mountain lions [Puma concolor (L.).]) were common threats during summers of 2005 and 2006 in eastern Arizona. This study was designed to determine 1) to what extent cattle exhibit vigilant behavior compared to published data on wild ungulates, 2) whether predation events influence vigilance rates of cattle, and 3) whether social and environmental factors affect vigilance of cattle. Cattle exhibited vigilant behavior (3% ± 0.19%) during peak foraging periods, but at a lower rate than wild ungulates. Cows with calves were more than twice as vigilant (4.5% ± 0.46%) as those without calves (2.0% ± 0.27%). Single cattle and groups of two to five exhibited higher vigilance rates (4.2% ± 0.79%) than groups of six to 20 (2.5% ± 0.32%) and groups of > 20 (3.0% ± 0.41%). Cattle in groups of > 20 increased vigilance as visual obstruction increased. Mother cows whose calves were preyed upon (n = 5) exhibited a 3% to 48% increase in vigilance within 3 d after their calves were killed; this rate returned to near baseline levels after 10 d. Conversely, mother cows reduced foraging after their calves were killed from 88.5% ± 1.69% to 43.5% ± 11.4%; foraging rate also returned to near baseline levels after 10 d. Cattle exhibit vigilance at lower levels compared to wild ungulates, but this behavior appears to be at least partially an antipredatory behavior. Our findings provide support that predators can influence cattle behavior.     

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Wild Ungulates on a Ranch in Kenya. Preliminary Report

This paper gives a preliminary report on the factors affecting the distribution of wild ungulates on a ranch in Kenya. The study covers only one phase of an overall project on the compatabfiity of wild and domestic ungulates. The major factors considered are vegetation, water, fire, cattle grazing, hunting and animal behaviour. These factors are related to five major wild ungulate species which occur on Akira - Coke's hartebeest (kongoni), Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle, eland and giraffe.

The major influence on wild ungulate densities and distribution was vegetation. The condition of vegetation was determined by rainfall, fire and grazing intensities. Generally game populations increased with cattle populations which indicated that vegetation conditions were improving during the period of this study. Overgrazing was generally detrimental to all species except to the Thomson's gazelle which was attracted to short grass areas around water, bomas and overgrazed sites. Kongoni were found usually in tall grass areas while Grant's gazelle were not as selective as Thomson's gazelle or eland. Giraffe were confined mostly to Acacia communities and eland, though found in grassland, were most frequently in high bush country where the variety of shrubs was greater.

The effects of other factors on each of the ungulates are also presented. The interrelationships of all factors are being considered as the study continues.     

Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates

The aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and PCR analyses the prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in Spain. Sera were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (Dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). Sera were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and C. burnetii DNA was amplified by PCR in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase II antigens. Twenty-nine, 15 and 39 percent of the red deer, roe deer and cattle had antibodies against C. burnetii, respectively. None of the fallow deer sera tested positive. Seroprevalence was statistically higher in farmed than in wild red deer and higher in northern than in southern populations, whereas an inverse pattern was observed for the roe deer. Most of the seropositive animals had only anti-C. burnetii phase II antibodies, thus showing the acute nature of infections in the sampled ungulates. These results show that C. burnetii circulates in wild ungulates in Spain and suggest that they can act as pathogen reservoirs for both domestic animals and humans.     

Importance of assisted reproductive technologies in the conservation of wild, rare or indigenous ungulates: review article

Biodiversity is increasingly threatened by intensive agriculture, environmental pollution, extinction of natural habitats and several other factors. Several mammalian species including ungulates have disappeared or are threatened by extinction. However, ungulates play an important role both in the ecosystem and in the economy. In general, species or breeds are considered endangered if their population does not exceed 1,000 individuals. In these cases conservation programmes should be initiated in order to maintain or even increase their number. This review deals with the possibilities and limitations of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in the conservation of ecologically valuable wild, rare and indigenous ungulates. The methods discussed here are artificial insemination, cryopreservation of semen and embryos, embryo recovery and transfer, in vitro production of embryos, as well as micromanipulation techniques including sperm injection, assisted hatching and cloning. Some of these procedures are already being exploited in the breeding of farm ungulates, but more basic information about the reproductive patterns of wild, rare and indigenous animal species is needed before the routine use of ARTs.     

Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations

Captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (Artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (Sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in Italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. However, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. Consequently, translocations of captive-reproduced ungulates are of concern for the conservation of indigenous populations and gene pools. The impact of translocations should be evaluated within the background of the growing knowledge on population genetic and phylogeographic structure of ungulates. Molecular genetic markers are being used to map geographic genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of natural populations (i.e., in the roe deer). Molecular makers are also used to detect the consequences of domestication and identify hybrids between wild and domesticated populations (i.e., in the wildboar), or to detect inter-specific hybridisation (i.e., between the red deer and wapiti). Hybridisation of wild and domestic pigs, and diffusion of hybrids in nature is widespread in Italy. Admixture of indigenous and non-indigenous roe deer stocks is also widespread. Therefore, conservation and management of indigenous ungulates calls for careful evaluation of captive-reproduced stocks.     

Management of Wild Ungulate Populations in Italy: Captive-Breeding,Hybridisation and Genetic Consequences of Translocations

Captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (Artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (Sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in Italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. However, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. Consequently, translocations of captive-reproduced ungulates are of concern for the conservation of indigenous populations and gene pools. The impact of translocations should be evaluated within the background of the growing knowledge on population genetic and phylogeographic structure of ungulates. Molecular genetic markers are being used to map geographic genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of natural populations (i.e., in the roe deer). Molecular makers are also used to detect the consequences of domestication and identify hybrids between wild and domesticated populations (i.e., in the wildboar), or to detect inter-specific hybridisation (i.e., between the red deer and wapiti). Hybridisation of wild and domestic pigs, and diffusion of hybrids in nature is widespread in Italy. Admixture of indigenous and non-indigenous roe deer stocks is also widespread. Therefore, conservation and management of indigenous ungulates calls for careful evaluation of captive-reproduced stocks.

     

Implications and challenges of tuberculosis in wildlife ungulates in Portugal: a molecular epidemiology perspective

Mycobacterium bovis and, more rarely, Mycobacterium caprae, may cause zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in an extensive range of animal species. In Portugal, during 2009, a remarkable raise of bTB incidence was registered in cattle along with an increase of new cases in wildlife. In this work, we reassess and update the molecular epidemiology of bTB in wild ungulates by including 83 new M. bovis and M. caprae isolates from wild boar and red deer obtained during 2008-2009. Spoligotyping identified 27 patterns in wild ungulates, including 11 patterns exclusive from deer and five from wild boar. The genetic relatedness of wildlife and livestock isolates is confirmed. However, the relative prevalence of the predominant genotypes is different between the two groups. Contrasting with the disease in livestock, which is widespread in the territory, the isolation of bTB in wildlife is, apparently, geographically localized and genotypic similarities of strains are observed at the Iberian level.