大气CO2浓度倍增及UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长发育及抗氧化特性的影响

为给未来气候环境下小麦育种和栽培提供依据,以鲁麦14为材料,在人工模拟条件下研究了大气CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长发育和抗氧化特性的影响.结果显示,大气CO2浓度倍增可增加冬小麦株高,比叶重、地上部干重和分蘖数,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和类黄酮含量,降低了细胞膜透性;而高剂量的UV-B处理效应与此相反.在高CO2浓度和UV-B复合处理下,CO2倍增通过提高抗氧化酶活性,增加类黄酮含量,修复膜过氧化损害,明显减缓由高剂量UV-B辐射对冬小麦的不利影响,有利于小麦幼苗生长发育.说明高浓度CO2可以缓解UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长产生的负效应.     

6-BA浸种对HgCl2胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）浸种对HgCl₂胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其幼苗生长的缓解作用,以3个小麦品种为材料,研究了不同浓度6-BA浸种对200 mg·L^-1HgCl₂胁迫下小麦种子发芽、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,200 mg·L^-1HgCl₂处理后,3个小麦品种种子的发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长和鲜重降低,幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低,丙二醛含量增加。一定浓度6-BA浸种可以缓解HgCl₂胁迫对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用,但对小麦的根长、芽长和鲜重的影响因小麦品种而不同。HgCl₂胁迫下,3个小麦品种幼苗的SOD、POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量随着6-BA浓度的增加均基本呈先升高后降低的趋势,最佳6-BA浓度因品种而不同;3个小麦品种的MDA含量均呈先降低后升高的趋势,以6-BA浓度为15 mg·L^-1时MDA含量最低。说明一定浓度6-BA浸种能够缓解HgCl₂胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒害作用,但最佳6-BA浓度因小麦品种的不同而不同。     

大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响

为揭示大气NH₃浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm^-2）和两种大气NH₃浓度（空气背景NH₃浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m^-3;高NH₃浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m^-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH₃浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH₃浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH₃浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH₃浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。     

小麦旗叶光呼吸对光强和CO2浓度的响应

为给C₃作物光呼吸等光合参数以及光响应模型和CO₂响应模型的研究提供参考,定量研究了小麦花期旗叶光呼吸速率对光强和CO₂浓度的响应。结果表明,在21%和2%O₂下小麦旗叶光饱和点分别为1 960.629和2 030.120 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。在较弱光强(小于800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下,小麦的总光呼吸速率(R_pt)与表观光呼吸(R_pa)均随着光强的升高而增大;当光强大于800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,R_pt和R_pa趋于稳定;整体上,不同光强下R_pt与R_pa之间差异较小(P>0.05),这主要是由于在380 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂下,光呼吸的CO₂回收利用率较低。饱和光强下,R_pa随着CO₂浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,R_pa最大值(Rpmax)所对应的外界CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1,而R_pt则随着CO₂浓度的升高而降低;在低浓度CO₂(小于380 μmol·mol^-1)条件下,R_pt与R_pa之间差异显著(P<0.05)。R_pt与羧化速率的比值(R_pt /Vc)随着胞间CO₂浓度的升高而呈下降的趋势,而不同光强下R_pt /Vc相对稳定,整体上未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

UV B辐射增强对小麦叶片蛋白质含量的影响

为了解UVB辐射增强对小麦叶片蛋白质的影响,采用双向电泳技术分析了UVB辐射增强处理后小麦叶片蛋白质的变化。结果表明,UVB辐射增强处理小麦幼苗6 d后,叶片总蛋白含量与对照差异极显著（P＜0.01）。经过双向电泳分析,UVB辐射增强处理与对照相比,差异在2倍以上的点有21个。其中上调表达的蛋白点有6个,下调表达的蛋白点有12个,新出现的蛋白点有3个。说明UVB辐射增强对蛋白总量及其表达均产生影响。     

壳寡糖对小麦早期生长生理的影响

为了阐明壳寡糖调节小麦早期生长发育的机理,以室内培养的方法研究了四种浓度的壳寡糖对小麦幼苗早期生长的影响,同时利用组化染色和分光光度计法分别检测了其对根尖和叶片中H₂O₂和O₂^-含量的影响。结果表明,1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以显著促进小麦根和幼苗的生长,而10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖则抑制其生长;壳寡糖对小麦幼苗叶片和根尖中的H₂O₂和O₂^-含量影响不同,在根尖中1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以增加H₂O₂和O₂^-含量,10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以增加H₂O₂含量而降低了O₂^-含量;在叶片中1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖对H₂O₂和O₂^-无明显影响,10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以降低H₂O₂含量而不改变O₂^-含量。壳寡糖对小麦幼苗叶片中的丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量影响不大。     

CO2浓度升高对玉米叶片光合生理特性的影响

以沈糯3号为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)法研究了二氧化碳(CO₂)浓度升高处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性及其子粒产量的变化,揭示CO₂浓度升高对玉米光合生理特性及子粒产量的影响机理。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)的含量增加,而叶绿素a/b的值则先升高后降低;在整个处理期间,净光合速率均高于对照(p>0.05),升高幅度为12.6%～71.1%,气孔导度低于对照(p>0.05),其降低幅度为2.9%～18.8%。处理至抽雄期和灌浆期,胞间CO₂浓度分别增加152%和161%,均极显著高于对照(p<0.01);蒸腾速率的变化较小。高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米穗粒数和穗粒重均明显高于对照(p<0.05)。CO₂浓度升高在一定程度上促进了玉米的光合作用,从而使玉米子粒产量增加。     

旱作区双免耕覆盖下冬小麦旗叶光合特性、根系分布及产量研究

为了解旱作区双免耕覆盖下冬小麦旗叶光合特性及根系分布特征，通过试验测定和分析了双免耕覆盖冬小麦旗叶叶绿素相对含量、光合有效辐射、光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率等光合参数，以及根长密度和根干重密度与传统耕作（对照）的差异。结果表明，与对照相比，双免耕覆盖下冬小麦旗叶叶绿素相对含量、光合有效辐射、净光合速率分别增加了11.2%、20.5%、31.7%，胞间CO₂浓度降低12.68%，蒸腾速率、叶片瞬时水分利用效率、气孔限制值分别平均提高13.1%、16%和30.7%。双免耕覆盖下冬小麦开花期和灌浆期根长密度在行内平均较对照分别提高47.13%和14.43%，在行间平均分别提高38.18%和 33.61%；两个时期的根干重密度在行内平均分别增加21.44%和14.42%，在行间平均分别提高19.96%和 12.56%。双免耕覆盖下冬小麦产量为4 872.0 kg·hm^-2，较对照增产18.4%，差异达极显著水平。由此说明双免耕覆盖可促进旱作冬小麦光合作用及根系生长发育，有利于其高产。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸缓解燕麦幼苗盐碱胁迫的生理效应

为探究外源γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对燕麦耐盐碱性的影响，以燕麦白燕2号为试验材料，在混合盐碱（NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃摩尔比为1∶9∶9∶1）胁迫下叶面喷施不同浓度GABA，测定燕麦幼苗叶绿素含量、荧光参数、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化，同时对幼苗生长缓解效应进行综合评价。结果表明，外源喷施4~6 mmol·L^-1 GABA可显著提高盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和光系统Ⅱ反应活性，促进光合作用；在盐碱胁迫下，与喷施清水相比，燕麦幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度GABA后，脯氨酸（Pro）、丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖（SS）含量分别下降了14.7%~29.7%、28.2%~54.4%和1.8%~11.8%，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了17.9%~58.3%、4.4%~33.4%和8.3%~19.1%。经隶属函数法综合评价得出，叶面喷施GABA提高燕麦幼苗耐盐碱性的最佳浓度为6 mmol·L^-1。以上结果说明，叶面喷施适宜浓度的GABA能够提高燕麦幼苗光合能力和抗氧化酶活性，降低渗透调节物质含量，提高燕麦幼苗的抗盐碱能力，有效缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长带来的伤害。     

北方冬小麦旗叶光饱和点探讨

为准确估算冬小麦旗叶光饱和点的范围,采用Li-6400-40荧光探头提供不同光合有效辐射强度,同步测量了不同品种（系）、不同时期(抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期)、不同CO₂浓度及不同施氮量下小麦旗叶的气体交换和荧光参数。结果表明,运用直角双曲线修正模型拟合的饱和光强与实际观测值较为接近。外界CO₂浓度和施氮量对小麦旗叶光饱和点具有较大影响,低CO₂浓度(300 μmol·mol^-1)和低施氮量(70 kg·hm^-2)下光饱和点均比较低;而品种（系）间和测定时期间小麦旗叶光饱和点整体差异不明显。正常条件下,小麦旗叶的光饱和点整体集中在 1 700~2 000 mol·m^-2·s^-1范围,远高于目前普遍认为的1 200 mol·m^-2·s^-1,这与小麦叶片的阳生特点及实际观测结果相一致。早期广泛采用的老版本光合助手(Photosynthesis Assistant)的拟合结果明显低于观测值(P<0.05)。综合试验结果推测,早期光饱和点的研究结果偏低可能与测量CO₂浓度、氮素营养以及所用的拟合模型等因素有关。     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Xyloketal Derivatives and Their Protective Activities against H2O2-Induced HUVEC Injury

In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of amide derivatives (1–13), benzoxazine derivatives (16–28) and amino derivatives (29–30) from xyloketal B. All 28 new derivatives and seven known compounds (14, 15, 31–35) were evaluated for their protection against H₂O₂-induced HUVEC injury. 23 and 24 exhibited more potential protective activities than other derivatives; and the EC₅₀ values of them and the leading compound 31 (xyloketal B) were 5.10, 3.59 and 15.97 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, a comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) was constructed to explain the structural activity relationship of these xyloketal derivatives. This 3D QSAR model from CoMSIA suggested that the derived model exhibited good predictive ability in the external test-set validation. Derivative 24 fit well with the COMSIA map, therefore it possessed the highest activity of all compounds. Compounds 23, 24 and 31 (xyloketal B) were further to examine in the JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay of HUVECs using flow cytometry (FCM). The result indicated that 23 and 24 significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced decrease of the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at 25 μM. Collectively, the protective effects of xyloketals on H₂O₂-induced endothelial cells may be generated from oxidation action by restraining ROS and reducing the MMP.     

Production of activated carbon from organic by-products from the alcoholic beverage industry: Surface area and hardness optimization by using the response surface methodology

The ability of activated carbon to remove pollutants from water in packed column systems is dependent on granular material with mechanical strength sufficient to avoid attrition caused by stream flow. Therefore, an appropriate balance between surface area and hardness is essential when using activated carbon in real systems. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal production conditions that generate activated carbon with adequate physical properties to be used in packed systems from agave bagasse, a waste product from the mezcal industries in Mexico. Activated carbons were produced by chemical activation (ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the activation temperature (250-550 °C), activation time (0-50 min), and the concentration of activating agent (0.2-1.4; g activating agent/g bagasse) on both surface area and hardness. The production conditions that generated optimal characteristics in the activated carbon were 392 °C, 1.02 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for H₃PO₄ activated samples and 456 °C, 1.08 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for ZnCl₂ activated samples. The surface area and hardness of the activated carbon produced from bagasse under these conditions were similar to activated commercial carbons (surface area > 800 m²/g and hardness > 85%).     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

Ultrastructure of Fusion Product between Protoplasts from C3 and C4 Species of Amaranthaceae

Summary

This paper describes the ultrastructure of the electric field-induced fusion products of C₃ and C₄ species of Amaranthaceae at the early developmental stage. Protoplasts of C₃ species were isolated from a Ceiosia cristata L. cell suspension and, those of C₄ species were isolated from an Amaranthus tricolor L. cotyledon. Incompatibility occurred in the C₃/C₄ hybrid. The incompatibility reactions were detected in the newly formed hybrid cells accompanied with significant changes in the nucleolus (segregation of nucleolar components) and plastids (cup-like shape or amoeboid plastid enclosing cytoplasmic materials) of C₃ species parent. The structural changes in the organelles of the C₄ partner were less marked. After 5 days of culture, most organelles showed high cellular activity, and a normal dedifferentiation process of mesophyll chloroplasts was observed. At this stage nucleolar segregation was not detected and the C₃ species plastids were difficult to distinguish from the proplastids formed from mesophyll chloroplasts. In addition, some mitochondria showed bursting-like structure. However, under the culture condition used these somatic incompatibility did not seem to impair further growth of fusion products since they were still proliferating well resulting in callus formation.     

耐盐碱转基因玉米的获得及其抗性分析

依据Gen Bank数据库中发表的拟南芥DREB基因序列进行优化,人工合成DREB基因序列,构建植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将DREB基因转入玉米自交系Hi II中,获得转DREB基因玉米材料,经过分子检测获得4个阳性转化事件。在不同浓度水平的Na Cl溶液(40、80、120 mmol/L)和Na_2CO_3溶液(10、20、30 mmol/L)胁迫下,研究其耐盐碱性。结果表明,DREB基因已经整合到玉米基因组中,转DREB基因玉米的耐盐碱性获得显著提高,80 mmol/L的Na Cl溶液和20 mmol/L Na_2CO_3溶液可以作为转DREB基因玉米的耐盐碱分析条件。     

Effects of agrochemical treatments on the occurrence of Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of maize in Southern Italy

The efficacy of agrochemical treatments, based on three different fungicides combined with an insecticide, was tested in southern Italy for two years on three maize hybrids to control Fusarium ear rot of maize and the accumulation in the maize kernels of the carcinogenic mycotoxins fumonisins. Insect damage incidence and severity, disease incidence and severity, identification of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin contamination in kernels were determined. Field trials showed in both years that natural colonization of maize kernels by the fumonisin producing species Fusarium proliferatum and F. verticillioides (up to 81.5 and 26.5%, respectively) and total fumonisin contamination (up to 68.2 μg g⁻¹) were highly severe. For all hybrids and in both years, the treatment with the insecticide applied alone reduced the insect damage severity consistently and the content of fumonisins in the kernel only in half of the cases, whereas fungicide treatments applied in combination with the insecticide showed a further significant reduction of fumonisin contamination in the three hybrids and in both years.     

Ultrastructure of Hybrid Callus between C3 and C4 Species of Amaranthaceae

Summary

Unlike the parent line, the hybrid calli between C₃ and C₄ species of Amaranthaceae have poor division capability. Therefore, in this study the fine structures of hybrid callus derived from protoplasts of Celosia cristata L. cv. Pink Charm (C₃ species) cell suspension and Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. Perfecta (C₄ species) cotyledon callus were investigated by light and electron microscopy, and compared with the parental. All callus lines were composed of parenchymatous cells possessing a voluminous vacuole. Parental callus lines contained organelles with a relatively normal structure. The peculiar feature characterizing the C₃/C₄ hybrid callus was the presence of highly lobed nucleus with multinucleoli and numerous small vacuoles having autophagic activity scattered in the cytoplasm. The autophagic activity is apparently related to the existence of several inclusions such as cytoplasmic organelles in the central vacuole. It might also be related to the pronounced expansion of central vacuole and the reduced cytoplasm. The failure to sustain proliferation related to some atypical features of the organelles is discussed.