禽源和猪源大肠杆菌1型菌毛主要亚单位抗原多样性分子基础的初步研究

从禽源大肠杆菌037(O78)、166(O78)、120(O18)分离株和猪源大肠杆菌107/86分离株分别提取基因组DNA,并以此为聚合酶链反应(polymerasechainreaction,PCR)的模板,扩增上述分离株的1型菌毛主要亚单位结构基因pilA,得到了大小约570bp的扩增产物,将此扩增产物克隆于T载体,通过内切酶酶切分析得到4个阳性重组质粒;对上述4个大肠杆菌分离株的pilA基因进行序列测定,通过其编码的主要菌毛亚单位FimA蛋白氨基酸的序列比较发现:3个禽源株间FimA的同源性为94.3%至99.0%;禽源株和猪源株间FimA的同源性为89.6%至91.1%。在pilA开放性阅读框所编码的FimA182个氨基酸序列中,禽源大肠杆菌O78血清型的2个分离株037株和166株间只有2个氨基酸不同,其同源性为99.0%。     

禽病原性大肠杆菌1型菌毛主要亚单位结构基因的克隆、测序与表达

从禽源大肠杆菌037(O78)、166(O78)、120(O18)分离株和猪源大肠杆菌107／86分离株分别提取基因组DNA，并以此为聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction，PCR)的模板，扩增上述分离株的1型菌毛主要亚单位结构基因pilA，通过其编码的主要菌毛亚单位FimA蛋白氨基酸的序列比较发现：3个禽源株间FimA的同源性为94．3％至99．0％；禽源株和猪源株间FimA的同源性为89．6％至91．1％。通过对重组大肠杆菌的菌体裂解物的SDS-PAGE电泳分析及Western blot分析，禽源大肠杆菌O78 037株、O18 120株出现了一致的强反应，O78 166株反应较弱，而猪源大肠杆菌107／86株反应最弱。这些结果表明：禽源大肠杆菌与猪源大肠杆菌1型菌毛间存在抗原多样性，这种多样性甚至出现在禽病原性大肠杆菌同一血清型的2个不同分离株之间，如O78 037株O78 166株之间，尽管其FimA氨基酸的同源性很高，为99．0％。     

鸡大肠埃希菌Ⅰ型菌毛pilA基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已公布的鸡大肠埃希菌pilA基因序列,在其保守区设计一对引物,以提取的3株鸡大肠埃希菌基因组DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,获得3个克隆片段。经序列测定和分析表明,3株克隆片段均含有Ⅰ型菌毛pilA基因的全序列及完整的开放性阅读框架,片段大小为549bp,编码信号肽和结构蛋白;3株鸡大肠埃希菌分离菌株与其他菌株pilA基因之间核苷酸同源性为87.25%～98.36%,氨基酸同源性为87.36%～98.35%;系统进化分析表明,大肠埃希菌各菌株之间的pilA基因遗传相关性与其宿主来源及血清型之间没有显著的相关性;3株鸡大肠埃希菌I型菌毛间具有一定的结构相似性,并存在一定的共同抗原位点。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌fimC基因缺失菌株的构建及生物学特性鉴定

本研究目的是研究fimC基因的功能。基于致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）Ⅰ型菌毛fimC基因的已知序列,通过PCR扩增了缺失169 bp的fimC基因片段,将其克隆到自杀载体pCVD442中,通过接合性转导将重组自杀性质粒pCVD442∷△fimC从大肠杆菌SM10λpir转到O2（Nal^R）中。根据同源重组原理构建了fimC基因缺失突变菌株O2（△fimC）。结合PCR扩增、测序结果及透射电镜观察,证明正确构建了fimC基因缺失突变株O2（△fimC）。体外生长及生化反应试验中,O2（△fimC）与亲本株存在一定差异。药敏试验中,两者无明显区别。鸡气管黏膜黏附试验及雏鸡的致病性试验表明：突变株在鸡气管黏膜上的黏附能力是亲本株的1/50,对雏鸡的致病性亦明显下降。鸡致病性大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛fimC基因缺失突变株的构建为深入探讨fimC基因在鸡大肠杆菌致病过程中所起的作用、Ⅰ型菌毛与机体相互作用的分子机制及fimC基因缺失突变株其他生物学特性的研究奠定了物质基础。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌I型菌毛交叉保护性研究及其结构基因 FimA 的序列分析

从山东省各地分离到107株鸡致病性大肠杆菌，选择了其中2株高致病性大肠杆菌，血清型分别为O78和OM，经增菌培养后提取菌毛制备为单价菌毛油乳苗，分别接种于1日龄和14日龄雏鸡，于4周龄攻毒。结果二者之间有一定的交叉保护作用。根据Genbank收录的人源大肠杆菌I型菌毛FimA基因和P型菌毛papA基因序列，分别设计了2对引物。通过PCR对上述2株大肠杆菌进行扩增，结果只有FimA的一对引物扩增出相应的条带，经测序证明为FimA基因。papA基因的引物未扩出任何条带，证明这2株大肠杆菌表达I型菌毛。通过对2株大肠杆菌结构基因FimA进行分析，发现二者具有高度的同源性。本研究的目的是探讨菌毛亚单位之间的交叉保护性与其菌毛的结构基因之间是否存在相关性。     

3株致病性鸡大肠杆菌P型菌毛结构基因的克隆、序列测定及同源性分析

用鸡致病性大肠杆菌分离株O1、O2和O78的基因组DNA做为模板，PCR分别扩增出了0．55kb的P型菌毛结构基因(papA)。将扩增得到的3个papA基因片段分别克隆进pGEM—T栽体中，转化至受体菌JM109中，用Amp／IPTG／X-gal琼脂平板蓝白菌落筛选法，得到含阳性重组子的菌株，提取质粒后用BamH Ⅰ和Sal Ⅰ双酶切进行鉴定。所得阳性重组子进行DNA序列测定，测序结果经DNA Star核酸分析软件包分析比较，结果表明，所构建的克隆质粒中均含有相应完整papA基因，其开放式阅读框架大小为549bp，编码182个氨基酸。此3株菌的P型菌毛结构基因的同源性为98.9％～100％，其中O1株和O78株的P型菌毛基因的ORF序列100％相同，O2株有2个碱基与前两者不同。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌O_1、O_2和O_(78)的Ι型菌毛结构基因的克隆、序列测定及同源性分析

提取鸡致病性大肠杆菌分离株O1、O2和O78的基因组DNA作为模板,用TD-PCR技术从其中分别扩增出了0.55kb的I型菌毛结构基因(piliA)。将扩增得到的piliA基因片段,用TA克隆的方法分别克隆进pGEM-T载体中,转化至受体菌JM109中,用Amp/IPTG/X-gal琼脂平板蓝白菌落筛选法,得到含阳性重组子的菌株,提取质粒用PstI单酶切及NcoI和PstI双酶切鉴定,结果证实,所构建的克隆质粒中均含有相应piliA基因。经DNA序列分析,其结构基因阅读框架大小为549bp,但其中O1菌株I型菌毛基因在第72位发生突变,有6个碱基插入。经DNAStar核酸分析软件分析,此3菌株的I型菌毛基因的同源性为89.9%~92%。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌O1、O2和O78的Ⅰ型菌毛结构基因的克隆、序列测定及同源性分析

提取鸡致病性大肠杆菌分离株O1、O2和O78的基因组DNA作为模板,用TD-PCR技术从其中分别扩增出了0.55kb的Ⅰ型菌毛结构基因(piliA).将扩增得到的piliA基因片段,用TA克隆的方法分别克隆进pGEM-T载体中,转化至受体菌JM109中,用Amp/IPTG/X-gal琼脂平板蓝白菌落筛选法,得到含阳性重组子的菌株,提取质粒用PstI单酶切及NcoI和PstI双酶切鉴定,结果证实,所构建的克隆质粒中均含有相应piliA基因.经DNA序列分析,其结构基因阅读框架大小为549 bp,但其中O1菌株Ⅰ型菌毛基因在第72位发生突变,有6个碱基插入.经DNA Star核酸分析软件分析,此3菌株的Ⅰ型菌毛基因的同源性为89.9%～92%.     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌菌毛分型的初步研究

以鸡致病性大肠杆菌F1菌毛特异性单抗1F4－1、2C3、3H3和F11菌毛特异性单抗FA1、FB11作为检测试剂，将111株已知O抗原的鸡致病性大肠杆菌经MD液体培养基连续传代培养后，通过直接玻板凝集法对各菌毛进行初步分型。结果发现F1、F11菌毛与O78、O1及O2三种优势O抗原型菌株之间存在较为明显的相关性，即致病性大肠杆菌主要集中在上。F1、F11菌毛在这三种O抗原型上的总检出率分别为95．6％、75．4％及73．3％。另外，在所检测的111株鸡致病性大肠杆菌中，只表达F1菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌杆总数的33．3％。只表达F11菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌株总数的8．1％，两者都表达的占菌株总数的36％，F1、F11菌毛的总检出率为78．3％。     

不同动物源大肠杆菌gapA看家基因的克隆及序列比较

3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH/G3PDH)是糖酵解反应的关键酶,为生命体的各种生命活动提供能量.在大肠杆菌中,GAPDH由看家基因gapA编码.本研究对不同动物源的大肠杆菌菌株(包括禽源致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)分离株O1和CE129、人源肠致病性大肠杆菌(EPEC)菌株738、人源益生菌Nissle1917和猪源表达F18菌毛大肠杆菌标准株F107/86的gapA基因进行PCR扩增、克隆测序,并与GenBank中8株菌株序列比较,发现其核酸序列虽有少数位点的突变,但是氨基酸序列仍保持完全一致,从分子基础上保证了GAPDH的酶活性.本研究验证了原核病原微生物,尤其是大肠杆菌gapA基因转录翻译的GAPDH蛋白的高度保守性,为制备大肠杆菌专用内参蛋白抗体提供可能,并进一步为对致病性大肠杆菌的蛋白代谢通路和合成生物学研究提供了基础材料.     

禽大肠杆菌外膜蛋白基因C(ompC)的序列分析

根据 Gen Bank中人源大肠杆菌 K- 12外膜蛋白基因 C(omp C)的核苷酸序列设计引物 ,应用 PCR方法从禽大肠杆菌 O2 、O78株及它们的融合双价弱毒菌株 O2 ,78(Norr Chlr)中分别扩增得到 omp C基因 ,序列测定及分析比较发现 ,3个菌株的 om p C基因均由 170 2 nt组成 ,核苷酸序列完全相同 ,只有 1个大的开放性阅读框 (ORF) ,长 10 92 bp,编码由 36 3个氨基酸组成的前 Om p C蛋白 ,前 2 1个氨基酸残基组成信号肽 ,成熟的 Omp C蛋白由 342个氨基酸残基组成 ,Mr为 4 0 0 0 0。其氨基酸序列也完全相同。从基因水平上证明了禽大肠杆菌 O2 、O78株及融合双价弱毒菌株 O2 ,78(NorrChlr)存在相同的外膜蛋白 C抗原 ,从而为进一步研究 Omp C蛋白的免疫原性奠定了基础     

Identification of a new Escherichia coli She haemolysin homolog in avian E. coli

Haemolysin is one type of virulence factor that assists in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli. Currently, hemolytic activity in E. coli has been attributed to haemolysin genes found in either uropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Both haemolysins are classified as RTX toxins because they both have repeats in toxin domains and share similar operon organization, sequence homology, and mechanisms of action. Haemolytic avian E. coli isolates, however, lack either E. coli haemolysin gene. To investigate the avian E. coli haemolysin, a genomic library was made from an avian pathogenic E. coli. A haemolytic clone that was isolated was shown to contain homology with sheA, an E. coli K- 12 gene which causes haemolysis when present in high copy number. The cloned haemolysin gene, hlyE, lacked the conserved amino acid sequence and accessory genes common to all RTX toxins. DNA hybridizations and polymerase chain reaction amplifications showed that the nucleotide sequences homologous to hlyE were not present in a collection of three O157: H7 E. coli, five haemolytic canine uropathogenic E. coli, one haemolytic O26 E. coli, and three haemolytic avian pathogenic E. coli. Thus we have identified a new E. coli haemolysin distinct from the RTX haemolysins and have shown that some avian pathogenic E. coli possess a haemolysin with no apparent homology to hlyE or RTX haemolysins.     

规模化猪场大肠杆菌的耐药性监测及血清流行病学调查

为了调查猪致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性及流行血清型 ,从湖北、河南、江西、安徽、浙江等省的 33个猪场采集 32 1份仔猪黄、白痢病料进行细菌的分离和生化鉴定 ,结果分离到大肠杆菌 30 2株 ,其中致病性大肠杆菌 2 76株。对 112株致病性大肠杆菌进行了 15种抗生素敏感性试验 ,发现分离菌株对 15种药物均有不同程度的耐药性 :青霉素 G对其完全没有抑制作用 ;先锋霉素 抑制作用最强 (97.3% ) ,其次为呋喃妥因 (78.6 % )、痢特灵 (71.4 % )、环丙沙星(6 8.8% )、诺氟沙星 (6 5 .1% )。 112株菌中 ,有 4 7种耐药谱型 ,多数为 6耐以上的菌株 (80株 ) ,占供试菌株的 71.4 %。应用微量平板凝集试验 ,对分离的 2 76株致病菌进行了血清型鉴定 ,鉴定共有 72种血清型 ,其中优势血清型 10种 ,占能定型分离致病菌株的 5 3.7%。     

一对斑马“猝死综合症”的诊断

2003年3月31日,兰州市动物园1对斑马突然暴亡,经尸体剖检和实验室检验,从采取的脏器及组织分离出大量高致病力的大肠杆菌,经中国兽医药品监察所对2株大肠杆菌血型O、K抗原鉴定,结果一株为O2和O74混合型,另一株为O6;但K抗原血清鉴定未获结果。初步确诊该对斑马死亡是高致病力的大肠杆菌所致。     

Determination of the clonal structure of avian Escherichia coli strains by isoenzyme and ribotyping analysis

Forty-nine avian Escherichia coli strains isolated from different outbreak cases of septicemia (24), swollen head syndrome (14) and omphalitis (11), and 20 strains isolated from poultry with no signs of the mentioned illnesses, for a total of 69 strains, were typed by isoenzyme profile and ribotyping analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Isoenzyme analysis discriminated better among strains (0-0.07 degree of genetic dissimilarity) than ribotyping analysis (0- 0.02 degree of genetic dissimilarity). The enzyme profiles of the E. coli isolates allowed the identification of 33 clones that were organized into six main clusters (A-F). Cluster A comprised 87% of the pathogenic strains and had no commensal strains, while commensal strains were assigned to clusters B-F. The ribotyping analysis resulted in a more heterogenous distribution of strains but most of those that cause the same type of infection were kept close together. Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that pathogenic clones are more similar to one another when compared with commensal strains and suggest a correlation between the genetic background and the pathogenic characteristics of avian pathogenic E. coli strains.     

Rapid detection of virulence-associated genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Based on recently published prevalence data of virulence-associated factors in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and their roles in the pathogenesis of colibacillosis, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a molecular tool supplementing current diagnostic schemes that mainly rely on serological examination of strains isolated from diseased birds. Multiple isolates of E. coli from clinical cases of colibacillosis known to possess different combinations of eight genes were used as sources of template DNA to develop the multiplex PCR protocol, targeting genes for P-fimbriae (papC), aerobactin (iucD), iron-repressible protein (irp2), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), vacuolating autotransporter toxin (vat), enteroaggregative toxin (astA), increased serum survival protein (iss), and colicin V plasmid operon genes (cva/cvi). In order to verify the usefulness of this diagnostic tool, E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of clinically healthy chickens were also included in this study, as were uropathogenic (UPEC), necrotoxigenic, and diarrhegenic E. coli strains. The application of the multiplex PCR protocol to 14 E. coli strains isolated from septicemic poultry showed that these strains harbored four to eight of the genes mentioned above. In contrast, those isolates that have been shown to be nonpathogenic for 5-wk-old chickens possessed either none or, at most, three of these genes. We found only one enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), one enteropathogenic (EPEC), and two enterotoxic (ETEC) E. coli strains positive for irp2, and another two ETEC strains positive for astA. As expected, UPEC isolates yielded different combinations of the genes iss, papC, iucD, irp2, and a sequence similar to vat. However, neither the colicin V operon genes cva/cvi nor tsh were amplified in UPEC isolates. The multiplex PCR results were compared with those obtained by DNA-DNA-hybridization analyses to validate the specificity of oligonucleotide primers, and the protocol was concluded to be a useful, sensitive, and rapid assay system to detect avian pathogenic E. coli and differentiate them from nonpathogenic strains and those belonging to other pathotypes.     

实验性鸡大肠杆菌病病理学动态变化

用致病性大肠杆菌O18分离株和／或低致病性禽流感病毒（Mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,MPAIV)接种10－12日龄SPF鸡。在接种后1－96h进行临床症状与大体病理变化、组织学观察发现：大肠杆菌接种组、MPAIV接种组和健康接种组除扑杀鸡外未见鸡死亡，MPAIV与大肠杆菌混合接种组除扑杀鸡外死亡率为24％。混合接种组的病变比大肠杆菌接种组出现的时间早，恢复也慢，各脏器的病理变化更严重。MPAIV主要引起各实质器官的坏死，结果表明，大肠杆菌经气管内接种后试验鸡主要表现为呼吸道的炎症反应；MPAVI可使鸡大肠杆菌病严重化。     

High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli from large- and small-scale poultry farms in Bangladesh

Antibiotic resistance in avian bacterial pathogens is a common problem in the Bangladesh poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to provide information on the present status of antibiotic resistance patterns in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in Bangladesh. Of 279 dead or sick poultry of different ages, 101 pathogenic E coli strains isolated from broilers and layer hens with colibacillosis infections were screened to determine phenotypic expression of antimicrobial resistance against 13 antibiotics used in both veterinary and human medicine in Bangladesh. Of 101 pathogenic E. coli isolates, more than 55% were resistant to at least one or more of the tested compounds, and 36.6% of the isolates showed multiple-drug-resistant phenotypes. The most common resistances observed were against tetracycline (45.5%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (26.7%), nalidixic acid (25.7%), ampicillin (25.7%), and streptomycin (20.8%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin (12.9%), chlormaphenicol (8.9%), nitrofurantoin (2%), and gentamicin (2%) was also observed, and none of the isolates were resistant to tigecycline as well as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. One isolate was resistant to cefuroxime (1%), cefadroxil (1%), and mecillinam (1%) but was not an ESBL producer. Resistance rates, although significant in Bangladeshi isolates, were found to be lower than those reported for avian isolates from the Republic of Korea and clinical, avian, and environmental isolates from Bangladesh. The high level of antibiotic resistance in avian pathogens from Bangladesh is worrisome and indicates that widespread use of antibiotics as feed additives for growth promotion and disease prevention could have negative implications for human and animal health and the environment.     

实验性鸡大肠杆菌病的超微动态病理变化

10～ 12日龄 SPF鸡 180只 ,随机分为 4组 ,分别气管内注射致病性大肠杆菌 O18分离株 (大肠杆菌接种组 )、低致病性禽流感病毒 (mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus,MPAIV) H9N2株 (MPAIV接种组 )、先接种 MPAIV再接种大肠杆菌 (混合接种组 ) ,并设健康对照组 ,分别于接种后不同时间 ,取气管、肺、气囊、胸腺、法氏囊、脾、肝和肾组织 ,制作超薄切片 ,电镜观察。结果表明 ,MPAIV与大肠杆菌混合接种组比大肠杆菌接种组出现病变的时间早、恢复慢 ;在大肠杆菌接种组 ,接种后 3h气囊上皮和间质细胞中都可见典型的大肠杆菌 ;在混合接种组 ,接种后 3h,气囊间质细胞的吞噬泡中可见多个 MPAIV粒子。由此认为 ,MPAIV可使鸡大肠杆菌病严重化 ,大肠杆菌对 MPAIV的入侵和在鸡体内的复制可能有促进作用。