印楝活性物质超临界CO2萃取技术

印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种子中含有大量杀虫活性较高的柠檬素类物质,印楝油可促进柠檬素类物质的稳定性和生物活性。本实验通过超临界CO2萃取得到含柠檬素类物质和印楝油混合的粗提物,以印楝素A为检测指标,使用均匀设计优化萃取工艺的压力、温度、时间和夹带剂的体积4个因子,确定最佳提取工艺条件为压力37MPa,温度43℃,时间165min,夹带剂的体积13mL,此时印楝种仁中印楝素A萃取率为0.37%。初步测定超临界CO2萃取产物对玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)成虫的驱避活性,并对该技术应用于印楝产业化的前景和可行性进行分析探讨。     

微波超声协同萃取香草兰净油工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

为优化香草兰净油超声微波协同萃取工艺条件,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对香草兰净油得率进行探讨,并进行气相色谱-质谱鉴定.结果表明:最佳萃取条件为萃取时间6.91 min,萃取功率253W,萃取溶液石油醚:正己烷=2.8:1(V:V),得率5.18％.匹配度达90以上的化合物有25种,其中脂肪酸、醛类及酯类含量较高,主要有亚油酸(23.17％)、月桂酸(0.07％)、肉豆蔻酸(0.24％)、十五烷酸(0.28％)、n-十六烷酸(5.43％)、9,12-十八烷二烯酸乙酯(5.30％)、棕榈酸甲酯(0.09％)、香兰素(12.6％)等.该净油具有浓郁独特的香味,优选得到的工艺可提高香草兰净油得率.     

Characterization of O-β-glucosidase Activity in Vanilla planifolia and the change during the Curing Crocess of Vanilla Beans

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中.香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来.O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用.研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低；来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷；香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40％,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求.     

反相高效液相色谱法检测香草兰豆酊、浸膏中香兰素

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定香草兰豆酊、浸膏中香兰素含量,色谱柱为C_(18)柱,甲醇/0.5%冰乙酸水溶液(20/80.v/v)为流动相,等浓度洗脱,测定波长为280 nm,外标法定量.该方法相对标准偏差分别为0.28%和0.24%.加标回收率为97.89%～100.71%.本方法具有操作简便,结果准确等优点,特别适用于香草兰豆酊、浸膏等精深加工产品中香兰素含量的检测分析.     

香草兰O-β-葡萄糖苷酶底物特异性和温度稳定性研究

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中。香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来。O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用。研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低;来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷;香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40%,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析香荚兰浸膏风味组分的条件优化

为选择适宜的香荚兰浸膏萃取条件,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,以固相微萃取样品处理量、萃取温度和萃取时间三个条件分析各萃取条件对香荚兰浸膏风味组分、面积及含量的影响。结果表明：在实验范围内香荚兰浸膏最佳萃取条件为萃取样品添加量2.0 g、萃取温度80 ℃、萃取时间25 min。最佳条件下香荚兰浸膏鉴定出匹配度90以上的化合物45种,此条件下总化合物面积（×10 ¹¹）及香兰素面积（×10 ¹⁰）最高分别为1.04±0.09、6.99±0.46,匹配度90以上化合物占总化合物相对百分含量的90.24%;香荚兰中主要化合物醛类百分含量占总化合物相对百分含量的72.03%。     

白背天葵多酚的提取及其抗氧化活性

本文研究了白背天葵多酚的超临界CO₂提取工艺及其体内外抗氧化活性,为白背天葵的开发利用提供依据。以萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度、CO₂流量和夹带剂浓度为单因素,以多酚提取得率为指标,采用响应面法对提取工艺条件进行优化。采用体外抗氧化活性试验分析提取物对DPPH及ABTS自由基的清除能力。体内抗氧化活性试验以D-半乳糖致衰小鼠为模型,白背天葵多酚提取物150、300、600 mg/kg连续灌胃30 d,测定其血清及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明,白背天葵多酚的超临界CO₂最优提取工艺为萃取压力35 MPa、萃取时间2 h、萃取温度40 ℃、CO₂流量20 L/h,多酚提取得率为5.32%。体外抗氧化试验表明,多酚对DPPH及ABTS自由基的清除率随其浓度的提高而提高。与空白组比较,衰老模型组血清及肝组织中的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性显著性降低,MDA含量显著性升高,白背天葵多酚提取物能显著提高衰老模型组血清及肝组织中的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性,并降低MDA含量。     

冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理香草兰鲜豆荚对香气成分的影响研究

香草兰是兰科多年生藤本攀缘植物,经过发酵后散发出多种芳香成分成为重要的风味原料。然而,传统发酵生香时间长,香气成分转化率低。本试验考察冷冻-溶解联合不同外源酶处理对香草兰鲜豆荚主要香气成分的影响。结果表明：外源酶不仅可以提高香兰素的含量,还可提高其前体物质-葡糖香草醛的转化率。在此基础上,对比空白样品,所有冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理后的香草兰中香兰素、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量均显著增加,经过纤维素酶-果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶处理后的香兰素、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量最高为5.660％、0.089％、0.069％和0.101％;相比于传统发酵和普通外源酶处理,所有冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理香草兰鲜豆荚均显著增加香兰素含量（p<0.05）,而纤维素酶-果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶-果胶酶、果胶酶显著增加对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量（p<0.05）。     

利用SPME-GC×GC/TOFMS对香草兰中挥发、半挥发性成分萃取与分析研究

利用固相微萃取(SPME)法萃取香草兰中挥发和半挥发性的成分,再结合全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GC/TOFMS)技术进行定性分析。试验共鉴定出香草兰中181种挥发、半挥发性化合物,其中含量较高的成分主要有香兰素、呋喃甲醛、(2S,3S)-(+)-2,3-丁二醇、邻甲氧基苯酚、2,3-丁二醇、苯酚、正己醛、(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-丁二醇、对羟基苯甲醛、3-甲基丁酸、2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪、3-羟基-2-丁酮、香草酸、壬醛、正己酸、1-辛烯-3-酮。结果表明,GC×GC/TOFMS高分辨率和高灵敏度的特点非常适合复杂组分体系的定性分析。     

微波辅助乙醇提取大豆异黄酮的研究

以乙醇作为萃取剂,采用微波法从大豆中提取异黄酮,分别考察了微波功率、乙醇的体积分数、料液比和微波辐射时间对异黄酮提取量的影响.结果表明:从大豆中提取异黄酮的最佳工艺条件:微波功率400 w、乙醇的体积分数50%、料液比1:4、微波辐射时间5 min.在最佳工艺条件下,异黄酮的提取量1.3205 mg.g-1.与传统溶剂...     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.