传染性法氏囊病病毒浙江分离株(ZJ2000)基因组A节段全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

以传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）浙江分离株（ZJ2000）基因组RNA为模板，采用Long-accurate RT-PCR(LA-PCR)一步法扩增并克隆了IBDV ZJ2000株基因组A节段全长cDNA。序列测定结果表明，克隆的A节段全长共3259个核苷酸，包括5'、3'端的非编码区（NCRs）和2个部分重叠的开放阅读框（ORF1和ORF2），与参比的血清1型毒株核苷酸序列的同源性高达95．2％－99．2％。二级结构预测表明，在5'-NCRs存在1个大型的茎环发夹结构。ORF2编码145个氨基酸的VP5，与参比毒株的同源性高达98．6％－100％。ORF1编码1012个氨基酸的VP2／VP4／VP3，在氨基酸水平上VP2、VP3、VP4与参比毒株的同源性分别达到94．9％－98．8、96．1％－98．5％、97．1％－99．2％。ZJ2000共有14－38氨基酸的替代，其中特有氨基酸6个，变异大多数集中在VP2高变区，突变率达2．9％－11％。第2个小亲水区内280位氨基酸由S替代了N、290位M替代了L。这2个突变可能与IBDV的抗原性有关。VP2－VP4剪切位点附近511和540位氨基酸的变异可能使ZJ2000株的毒力增强。分子系统进化树分析表明，ZJ2000与欧洲Cu-1株、P2株、CEF94株和中国Harbin株的有关最近，而与欧洲、香港、日本的超强毒株和美国的变异株相对较远。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒VP3基因的克隆与原核表达

IBDV是一种无囊膜的双节段双股RNA病毒，属于双RNA病毒科（Birnaviridae），禽双链RNA病毒属（Avibirnavirus），IBDV基因组由A、B两个双链RNA节段组成，A节段编码VP2、VP3、VP4、VP5蛋白，B节段编码VPI蛋白。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒弱毒株在鸡体连续传代后毒力增强的分子机理研究

将两株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）弱毒株在SPF鸡体内连续传代至第5、第6代时,出现明显的法氏囊萎缩和B：B指数下降,表明IBDV弱毒株在鸡体内连续传代后毒力增强。为进一步阐释哪些基因位点导致了上述毒力的变化,本试验测定了基础弱毒株及其在鸡体内传代后各个代次毒的基因组序列,比对分析后发现VP2蛋白253位氨基酸发生了由H到Q或N的变异,表明VP2蛋白253位氨基酸的替换可能会增强传染性法氏囊病病毒在鸡体内的致病性。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒基因组A节段编码前体多聚蛋白的遗传踪迹分析

为研究鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)毒力变异的分子机理,本实验采用进化踪迹分析方法对GenBank中登录的28个毒力不同的IBDV参考病毒株的基因组A节段编码的前体多聚蛋白(NH2-pVP2-VP4-VP3-COOH)推导的氨基酸序列进行分析。结果表明超强IBDV与标准IBDV的差异位点集中在第299位、451位、680位、715位和751位氨基酸上;致弱IBDV与标准IBDV的差异位点在第242位、253位、330位和981位氨基酸。该结果为进一步研究IBDV的毒力变异奠定基础。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒株HLJ-0504全基因组克隆及其新特征分析

为了解传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)HLJ-0504株的分子生物学特征,本研究利用融合PCR技术获得HLJ-0504株全基因组序列。核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列遗传演化分析发现,HLJ-0504A节段位于IBDV超强毒的分枝上,而B节段则介于超强毒株和减毒株之间,形成一个独立分枝,属于一株新的自然重组病毒。VP2抗原性预测分析表明,HLJ-0504株VP2第Ⅰ亲水区中的氨基酸发生突变(D212N),该突变可能导致了HLJ-0504株抗原性发生漂变。本实验结果为深入研究IBDV的分子特征奠定了基础。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒基因组A节段3'-UTR对病毒复制影响的研究

为探究传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)基因组A节段3'-UTR是否影响IBDV的复制,本实验应用融合PCR技术将IBDV弱毒Gt株A节段的3'-UTR替换为超强毒Gx株的相应区段,并利用反向遗传操作系统拯救嵌合病毒r Gt-Gx3'UTR,对拯救病毒进行鉴定。结果显示嵌合病毒拯救成功,Gt株的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶既能识别Gt株的3'-UTR,也能识别超强毒Gx株的3'-UTR。通过比较嵌合病毒与亲本病毒的体外复制曲线,表明3'-UTR能够影响IBDV的复制。3'-UTR二级结构的预测结果表明其可能是以特定的二级结构而非一级序列发挥其功能。本研究为认识IBDV复制特点奠定了基础。     

基因自然重排鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的分子特征

为了对某鸡群疑似传染性法氏囊病(IBD)的病例进行分子诊断、病毒分离和分子特征分析，本试验通过核酸检测调查该鸡群法氏囊组织和病毒分离物中传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)的感染情况，将分离得到的毒株命名为GL1906,继而对该病毒基因组双节段的VP2高变区(vVP2)序列和VP1-b序列进行分析。结果显示，GL1906 vVP2基因的特征性氨基酸位点在222A、256I、284A、294I和299S上均符合超强毒株(vvIBDV)的特征，但279N符合致弱毒株的特征；VP1-b基因在242D、390L、393E与弱毒株一致，287A与vvIBDV一致，此外第777～782位核苷酸序列为GGTGCC,与弱毒株一致；GL1906 vVP2的核苷酸、氨基酸序列与vvIBDV的同源性最高，在系统进化树中与vvIBDV同为A3分支；GL1906 VP1-b的核苷酸、氨基酸序列与B节段属于独特来源的NN1172同源性最高，在系统进化树中同属于B3独特分支。结果表明，本试验分离株GL1906的基因组双节段vVP2和VP1-b具有不同的来源，是基因型为A3B3的基因自然重排毒株。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒浙江分离株(TL2004)A节段cDNA的克隆及序列分析

用Long accurate RT—PCR（LA-PCR）的方法一步法克隆了IBDV TL2004基因组A节段全长cDNA。序列测定结果表明：克隆的A节段全长3260个核苷酸，包括5＇、3＇的非编码区（NCRs）和2个重叠的开放阅读框（ORF1和ORF2），与来自GenBank IBDV血清Ⅰ型毒株核苷酸序列的同源性高达95．2％～99．2％。二级结构分析表明，在5＇-NCRs和3＇-NCRs各存在一个大型的颈环发夹结构。ORF1编码1012个氨基酸的VP2-VP3-VP4，在氨基酸水平上VP2、VP3、VP4与参比Ⅰ型毒株的同源性分别达96．7％～99．6％、94．2％～99．2％、96．7％～99．6％。ORF2编码145个氨基酸的VP5，与参比I型毒株的同源性高达95．9％～99．3％。TL2004在第2个小亲水区内279位氨基酸由S替代了N、290位M替代了L，这2个突变可能是IBDV抗原漂变的原因。分子系统进化树分析表明，TL2004与欧洲Cu21株和中国JD1、Harbin株的关系较近．而与欧洲、香港、日本的超强毒株和美国的变异株相对较远。     

两株传染性法氏囊病病毒5‘和3’非编码区结构分析

采用快速扩增cDNA末端（RACE）方法测定了我国超强毒株Harbin-1和经典弱毒株CJ801的非编码区。在两株病毒基因组A节段中，Harbin-1的5‘非编码区包括100个核苷酸，CJ801包括96个核苷酸；两个毒株B节段的5‘非编码区均含有111个核苷酸。Harbin-1毒株A节段的3‘非编码区含95个核苷酸，CJ801含94个核苷酸。Harbin-1毒株B片段的3‘非编码区含79个核苷酸，CJ801含82个核苷酸。结构分析表明：超强毒株Harbin-1与细胞适应株CJ801的5‘和3‘端非编码区在一级和二级结构上均存在差异。Harbin-1与欧洲超强毒株的关系最近，CJ801与欧洲细胞适应株同源性最高。IBDV非编码区结构特征的研究为进一步研究IBDV非编码区的功能，阐明其与病毒复制调控和毒力的关系奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病TL株VP2基因克隆及部分特性分析

传染性法氏囊病病毒（Infectious Bursal Disease Virus IBDV）是引起禽免疫抑制性疾病的一种主要病原体，属于双链RNA病毒科，禽双节段RNA病毒属成员。其基因组由两个节段dsRNA（A、B）构成，大片段A长约3．4kb，编码一条多聚蛋白，该蛋白随后裂解为VP2、VP3和VP4。小片段B长约为2．9kb，编码VP1。其中VP2携带宿主保护性抗原决定簇，具有至少两到三个中和性抗原位点，可以诱导产生保护性中和抗体，并且有血清型特异性。Ⅰ型IBDV毒株的VP2cDNA核苷酸及相应氨基酸残基序列中，共同存在着一个高度可变区（AccⅠ～SpeⅠ）含有两个亲水区和一个七肽区。     

醉鱼草内生细菌ZJ1的抑菌作用及其脂肽类抑菌代谢产物鉴定

为明确醉鱼草(Buddleja lindleyana Fortune)内生细菌ZJ1的抑菌作用及其抑菌代谢物质组成,本研究测定了ZJ1菌株及其发酵液的抑菌作用,分离、纯化及鉴定了ZJ1菌株的抗菌物质,还观察和测定了ZJ1菌株代谢物处理后的Botrytis cinerea菌丝生长状态和细胞膜通透性。结果表明:ZJ1菌株对10种病原菌均有一定抑制作用,其中,活菌及发酵液均对Monilinia fructicola的抑制率最高,分别达95.69%和94.68%;观察ZJ1菌株代谢物的物理特性发现,其代谢物具有排油能力且出现液滴坍塌现象,进一步检测发现ZJ1菌株脂肽类代谢产物中含有表面活性素和泛革素;以B.cinerea作为指示菌,经ZJ1菌株代谢物处理后,B. cinerea菌丝极少产孢,生长异常,发生断裂;细胞膜通透性增大,渗透物质流出,电导率上升。醉鱼草内生细菌ZJ1表现出良好的抑菌作用,其脂肽类代谢产物的鉴定为ZJ1菌株的进一步开发和利用鉴定了基础。     

Genomic characteristics of a novel reovirus from Muscovy duckling in China

A new reovirus was isolated from a sick Muscovy duckling with hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions in the liver in Zhejiang, China in 2000 and was tentatively denoted a new type of Muscovy duck reovirus (N-MDRV ZJ00M). This reovirus was propagated in a chicken fibroblast cell line (DF-1) with obvious cytopathic effects. The reovirus's genome was 23,419 bp in length with an approximately 50% G+C content and 10 dsRNA segments encoding 12 proteins. The length of the genomic segments was similar to those of avian reoviruses (ARVs), which range from 3959 nt (L1) to 1191 nt (S4) in size. All of the segments have the conserved terminal sequences 5′-GCUUUUU…UUCAUC-3′, and all of the genome segments, with the exception of S1, apparently encoded one single primary translation product. The genome analysis revealed that the S1 segment of N-MDRV is a tricistronic gene that encodes the overlapping ORFs for p10, p18, and σC. This finding is similar to that found for ARVs but distinct from that found for classical MDRV and GRV, which have a bicistronic S4 segment that encodes p10 and σC and do not encode p18. The amino acid (aa) alignments of the putative proteins encoded by the main ORF in each segment revealed a high similarity (14.1–100%) to the counterpart proteins encoded by other ARV species from the avian orthoreoviruses (e.g., ARV, classical MDRV and N-MDRV) in the Orthoreovirus genus, particularly with N-MDRV (94.6–100%). The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of all 10 genome segments revealed that N-MDRV ZJ00M is distinct from all other described reovirus species groups but is a separated from the ARV (including MDRV and GRV) species within orthoreovirus species group II and grouped into the classical MDRV and GRV genogroup with the N-MDRV isolates. The MDRV genogroup can be further divided into two genotype clusters. The morphological and pathological analyses and the genetic characterization of N-MDRV ZJ00M suggest that it belongs to genotype 2 (N-MDRV). In addition, the RT-PCR assays of DRV diseased duckling and gosling samples collected from different regions of China during 2000–2013 indicate that N-MDRV is currently the prevalent genotype in China.     

Direct evidence of reassortment and mutant spectrum analysis of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus

The complete genomic sequence of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) Gx strain was determined, including the sequences of segment A, encoding the precursor polyprotein, and segment B, encoding the viral RNA polymerase (VP1) and 5'- and 3'-untranslating regions. Alignment of segment A of Gx with the sequences of 12 other vvIBDV strains showed 97.5% to 99.0% amino acid identity, whereas alignment of segment B of Gx with nine other vvIBDV strains revealed high sequence divergence, ranging from 10.3% to 11%. Phylogenetic analysis of segments A and B showed that they were in different branches, indicating that the reassortment occurred in this strain and that segment A and segment B derived from different pathotype strains. The mutant spectrum analysis of quasispecies virus demonstrated that the mean minimum mutation frequency in VP1 was 8.78-fold higher than in the polyprotein. The most frequent mutations were in the first 1986 nucleotides (nonsynonymous mutations) and the last 660 nucleotides (synonymous mutations), indicating that the 219 amino acid residues in the C-terminal of the VP1 form a functional region.     

Identification of a variable epitope on the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein

Fifteen virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) were isolated from diseased birds in Eastern China in 2005. To investigate the antigenic variation in the epitopes on NDV hemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) protein, these isolates, together with six reference strains, were subjected to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests using five HI-positive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against velogenic NDV strain ZJ1. The MAbs 2G5, 3A4, 3B5 and 6B1 recognized 12 of the 15 NDV isolates, and exhibited HI activity towards the six reference strains. However, these MAbs did not react with three local isolates, JS-02/05, JS-06/05 and JS-10/05. HN gene sequence analysis of all NDV strains revealed that these MAb-resistant NDV isolates possessed residue K at position 347 of the HN protein, whereas all remaining strains possessed E or G at the same site. To determine the contribution of the residue at position 347 to antigenic epitope formation, we generated by reverse genetics two recombinant viruses, ZJ1HNK with an E347K mutation on ZJ1 HN, and JSHNE with a K347E mutation on JS-06/05 HN. The HI test demonstrated that ZJ1HNK lost reactivity with MAbs 2G5, 3A4, 3B5 and 6B1, whereas JSHNE did react with these MAbs. Further verification by immunofluorescent assay demonstrated that residue 347 was a critical determinant for formation of the antigenic epitope (residues 345–353) on the HN protein.     

番鸭"新鸭疫"病原中呼肠孤病毒的初步确证

1999年底以来,在浙江省的青壮年番鸭中新爆发了主要表现为食欲下降、咳嗽、流涕、喙和蹼发绀、拉稀、死亡率很高的烈性传染病,病理剖解主要表现为肝脏肿大、质脆,个别病例有不规则的坏死斑;脾肿大、有的病例坏死呈花斑;胰有多量、点状的坏死灶;肠道黏膜常有环状出血灶等。据当地百姓的俗称,笔者暂时把这种疾病定名为番鸭“新鸭疫”。     

猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒的流行初探

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)代表株NADL的NS5B基因序列,设计合成2对引物进行套式PCR,检测从浙江、安徽、湖南、江西、广西、辽宁等地采集的43份猪病料中BVDV的流行情况,结果有7份病料可以扩增出360bp的特异性条带,阳性率为16.3%。为追踪BVDV在猪体中的流行来源,我们又对细胞培养用国产及进口犊牛血清进行了检测,结果也能扩增到目的条带。对这些病料和血清中扩增出的目的条带进行克隆、测序,并用DNASTAR软件分析,结果表明这些目的片段均为BVDV序列,这些不同BVDV序列可以分为两个亚群,ZJ133、HN386、LN247、NCS-J属于BVDV-Ⅰa亚型,ZJ114、AH138、JX60、GX96、NCS-G、DZ属于BVDV-Ⅰb亚型。这些毒株与BVDVI型间的同源性为80.3%-98.6%,与BVDV-Ⅱ型的同源性为72.2%-74.4%。本文研究结果说明我国猪群中BVDV感染情况已经比较严重,应该予以重视。     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

Diversity of genome segment B from infectious bursal disease viruses in the United States

Several phylogenetic lineages of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) genome segment B have been identified. Although this genome segment has been shown to contribute to virulence, little is known about the genetic lineages that exist in the United States. The nucleotide genome segment B sequences of 67 IBDV strains collected from 2002 to 2011 in the United States were examined. Although they were from nine different states, a majority (47) of these viruses were from California. A 722-base pair region near the 5' end of genome segment B, starting at nucleotide 168 and ending at 889, was examined and compared to sequences available in GenBank. The nucleotide sequence alignment revealed that mutations were frequently observed and that they were uniformly spaced throughout the region. When the predicted amino acids were aligned, amino acids at positions 145, 146, and 147 were found to change frequently. Six different amino acid triplets were observed and the very virulent (vv) IBDV strains (based on presence of vvIBDV genome segment A sequence) all had the triplet T145, D146, and N147. None of the non-vvIBDV strains had this TDN triplet. Phylogenetic analysis of the 67 nucleotide sequences revealed four significant genome segment B lineages among the U.S. viruses. One of these included the genome segment B typically found in vvIBDV and three contained non-vvIBDV genome segment B sequences. When the available sequences in GenBank were added to the analysis, two additional lineages were observed that did not contain U.S. viruses; one included viruses from China and the other contained viruses from the Ivory Coast. Although the samples tested do not represent all poultry producing regions in the United States, serotype 1 viruses from states outside California all belonged to one genome segment B lineage. The other three lineages observed in the United States were populated with viruses exclusively found in California, except the serotype 2 lineage, where the type strain was a serotype 2 virus from Ohio. The data provide further evidence for the importance of genome segment B identification during routine molecular diagnosis of all IBDV strains.     

家蚕、野桑蚕线粒体Cyt b基因片段序列分析及分子进化研究

以家蚕中系一化地理品种延吉、印度多化品种迈索尔、欧系一化品种法 4 0 8油和中国镇江地区野桑蚕为材料 ,采用PCR技术扩增了其线粒体 (mitochondrialDNA ,mtDNA)细胞色素b(cytochromeb ,Cytb)基因 ,测定其 5′端5 91bp的核苷酸序列 ,并从GenBank中调取中系家蚕品种C10 8、夏芳 ,日系家蚕品种青熟 ,韩国家蚕品种Backokjam和日本野桑蚕的相应序列 ,进行同源性比较 ,发现日系家蚕品种青熟 ,印度家蚕品种迈索尔 ,欧系家蚕品种法 4 0 8油 ,韩国家蚕品种Backokjam和中系家蚕品种C10 8、延吉序列间的同源性最高 ,相互间均为 10 0 % ;日本野桑蚕与各家蚕品种序列间的同源性约 94 %～ 95 % ;中国野桑蚕与各家蚕品种序列间同源性约 98%～ 99%。分子进化树分析显示日本野桑蚕和各家蚕品种相应序列的分歧时间远远早于中国野桑蚕与各家蚕品种序列的分歧时间 ,这是在分子水平上证实家蚕起源于中国野桑蚕的证据之一。