锈色粒肩天牛卵空间分布型及抽样技术初步研究

通过对洛阳市区8个区段的国槐抽样调查,应用组内单因素方差分析、8种聚集度指标检测和7种回归分析,对该虫虫卵进行了垂直分布和空间分布分析研究。结果表明,该虫虫卵在单株上的垂直分布无显著差异;其空间分布为聚集分布,并利用聚集均数λ分析了聚集原因,利用个体群大小指标L分析了个体群形成原因。在此基础上,建立了该虫虫卵的理论抽样数公式n=(1/D)²(9.565 4/m+0.287 7)和序贯抽样决策限模式T′o(n),T″0(n)=14n±13.795 1n。     

沾化冬枣浆烂果病空间分布型及抽样技术研究

利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对沾化冬枣浆烂果病病果的空间分布型进行了测定,结果表明冬枣浆烂果病病果在田间呈聚集分布,且符合负二项分布,k值为1.1905。其聚集原因主要是由环境因素引起。应用Iwao抽样模型建立了沾化冬枣浆烂果病病果田间理论抽样数公式:n=(2/D)²(1.1960/m+0.7929)。并利用负二项分布零频率与均数的理论曲线公式建立了估计该病病果平均密度的零频率模型:x=1.1905(P₀^-0.84-1)。     

稻水蝇危害水稻产量损失研究

采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m²)、穗损失率 (x₅,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x₁-402.7469x₅;产量损失(Y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m²)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647^**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422     

小麦白粉病与温度的定量关系研究

温度对小麦白粉病影响试验的结果表明,此病害适宜发生的温度为15～20℃,低于10℃或高于25℃对该病有明显抑制作用。当温度高于26℃时,试验显示随着温度的升高,终止小麦白粉病病程的时间缩短,据此建立了不同温度(x)与相应终止病程的时间(y)的关系模型为y=21 900e^{-0.303 5x}(χ²=1.65<χ²_0.05,7=14.07)。同时,根据高温区病害的严重度(y)与温度(x)的试验数据,建立了其关系模型为:y=-3.00x+76.60(r²=0.922 1^**),由此计算获得了连续10 d(一个病程时间)温度为25.53℃即可终止此病害的病程。该试验结果将为小麦白粉病的越夏区划提供基础数据。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料，分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律，同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势，净辐射（R_n）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2，λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2，感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2；在新梢生长期，白天λET较小，为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进，λET逐渐增大，在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m^-2）之后减小；H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分；白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/R_n）在新梢生长期最小，为25.28%，在果实着色成熟期最大，为44.17%；感热通量占净辐射比例（H/R_n）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上，土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/R_n）相对较小，变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m^-2；在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/R_n>λET/R_n>G/R_n。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上，R_n是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子，R²高达0.88。在日尺度上，各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱，相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度，R_n都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：R_n>VPD>T_a>RH。     

简化有效积温法预测稻水象甲发生期研究初报

稻水象甲的发生与气温变化关系密切,根据虫害发生年份和气象数据,利用有效积温与稻水象甲发生的相关性,建立了有效积温预测式。越冬成虫迁入高峰期预测式为Y₁=33.8595-0.0507 X₁,(n=7,r=-0.9919^**);第1代成虫羽化高峰期预测式为Y₂=65.2923-0.0359 X₂,(n=7,r=-0.9634^**。     

小麦田地下害虫幼虫的空间分布型与抽样技术

为明确山西省南部小麦田地下害虫的空间分布型及抽样技术，采用连片调查法对小麦田地下害虫种群进行系统调查，通过5个聚集度指标、m^*-m回归模型和Taylor幂法则对其不同种群空间分布型进行分析，利用聚集均数分析其聚集原因，确定其理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。结果表明，小麦田地下害虫混合种群、蛴螬和蝼蛄的聚集度指标扩散系数C>1，丛生指数I>0，负二项分布K值>0，久野指数C_A>1，聚块指数m^*/x>1，空间分布型均表现为聚集分布。金针虫的1组数据所有指标均不符合聚集分布，其余符合聚集分布。由m^*-m回归模型和Taylor幂法则拟合模型得出小麦田地下害虫混合种群、蛴螬和金针虫的空间分布型为聚集分布，聚集度依赖于种群密度，且聚集程度随着种群密度的升高而升高。混合种群、金针虫和蝼蛄的种群个体间相互排斥，基本成分为单个个体（α<0、β>1），而蛴螬种群基本成分是个体群，个体间相互吸引（α>0、β>1）；聚集原因随种群密度而变化。经Iwao方法分析，当允许误差D为0.3，地下害虫混合种群、蛴螬种群和金针虫种群的虫口密度均为4头/m²时，所需的理论抽样数分别为44、26和114 m²。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫化蛹、羽化动态数学模拟及应用

通过3年对荔枝蒂蛀虫系统调查表明,荔枝蒂蛀虫化蛹、羽化进度与观察时间之间呈S型曲线,拟合关系 式分别为Y₁=100.440 3/(1+e^{5.531 1-1.420 3x})、Y₂=100.059 5/(1+e^{12.625 0-1.296 7x}),非线性决定系数均在0.99 以上。应用表明,该预测曲线与实际情况吻合。     

生长年限对苜蓿和柠条光合特征及土壤水分的影响

为了探究生长年限对衰败期苜蓿和中老龄柠条的叶片光合生理特征及土壤水分的影响，在2014年于地处黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带强烈侵蚀中心的神木六道沟小流域，测定了不同生长年限苜蓿（ALF₁₀、ALF₁₃、ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉）和柠条（KOP₁₀、KOP₂₅、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃）的叶片光合参数、叶结构性状参数以及0~400 cm土层土壤体积含水量（SWC_0-400）。结果表明：对于衰败期苜蓿，ALF₁₀和ALF₁₃叶片净光合速率（P_n）差异不显著（P>0.05），而后随生长年限的延长逐渐降低，ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉比ALF₁₃叶片的P_n（24.01 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别降低了2.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.76 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比ALF₁₀，随生长年限延长SWC_0-400恢复至10.88%（ALF₁₃），而后随着生长年限延长降低至8.81%（ALF₃₃）和6.12%（ALF₄₉）。土壤水分对ALF₃₃的限制作用不明显，水分胁迫使ALF₄₉非气孔限制值比ALF₃₃增大了0.340。对于中老龄期柠条，叶片P_n随生长年限的延长先升高后降低，KOP₂₅和KOP₄₃叶片P_n最大且两者差异不显著（P>0.05），比KOP₁₀（6.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别增大了6.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.66 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，KOP₇₃比KOP₄₃叶片P_n降低了4.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。对于同为黄绵土生长的KOP₁₀、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃，SWC_0-400随生长年限延长逐渐上升，分别为8.50%、9.06%和10.71%。土壤水分恢复使KOP₄₃叶片气孔及非气孔限制值比KOP₁₀柠条降低了0.185和2.180。此外，柠条叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）与P_n呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），相关系数为0.514。研究结果表明衰败期苜蓿和中老龄期柠条叶片光合性能呈波动式变化，这与土壤水分的相互作用有关。     

己唑醇对水稻纹枯病的毒力测定及田间药效试验

根据水稻纹枯病菌在含己唑醇系列浓度的PDA培养基上的菌丝生长速率,计算出己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力回归方程为:Y=4.0407+2.3632x,r=0.9971,药剂EC₅₀=2.5464mg/L,EC₉₅=12.6463mg/L,试验结果表明己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌具有较高的生物活性。田间药效显示,5％己唑醇悬浮剂250mg/667m²药后15d防效达69.54％。     

油松毛虫性信息素监测量与失叶率及虫口密度的相关性分析

为明确性信息素对油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis成虫的监测量与不同危害程度林区失叶率及其幼虫虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式五点取样法,将失叶率、幼虫虫口密度及成虫监测量两两进行模型拟合。结果显示,幼虫低虫口密度(y_1)、高虫口密度(y_2)与对应的成虫监测量(x_1)、(x_2)呈二次方曲线函数,方程分别为y_1=-0.060x_1~2+6.174x_1-85.753;y_2=0.076x_2~2-3.111x_2+109.844;在幼虫极高虫口密度(y_3)时,成虫监测量(x_3)呈线性递减,方程为y_3=-1.795x_3+214.060;幼虫虫口密度(y)、成虫监测量(x)随着失叶率(z)的增加而增高,但当失叶率超过74%时,幼虫虫口密度呈下降趋势,方程为y=-794.937z~2+1188.218z-308.626;当失叶率超过72%时,成虫监测量也出现下降,二者可以按照方程x=-189.035z~2+272.374z-53.474进行模拟。研究表明,幼虫虫口低密度、高密度与成虫监测量的相关性均显著,极高虫口密度时,成虫监测量呈下降趋势;幼虫虫口密度、成虫监测量均与失叶率呈二次方函数关系。     

Modelling multigenic resistance to potato cyst nematodes

After making simplifying assumptions, the ability of female potato cyst nematodes to develop and reproduce is modelled by expressions of the type i_x·x and i_x·(1 - x), where x is the frequency within a population of females able to circumvent the effects of a real resistance gene. Such females are potentially able to develop to maturity and reproduce to maximum capacity. For this class of females i_x= 1, i.e. they are unaffected by the resistance gene. The frequency of other classes of females is given by (1 - x) and for them i_x ranges in value from just less than 1 to 0 according to the effectiveness of the gene. When i_x approaches 0, females in these classes are eliminated and the gene responsible is said to be a ‘major’ resistance gene. For values of i_x greater than 0, the genes responsible are called ‘minor’ genes. If full reproductive power is 1, then the total reproductive power in the presence of the resistance gene is [x+i_x(1 - x)] or when several genes are present by [x+i_x(1 - x)]·[y+i_y(1 - y)]·[z+i_z(1 - z)] etc. That is, the effects of these genes depend on the frequencies of females able to reproduce in their presence and on the effectiveness of the different genes as measured by i. Furthermore, ‘major’ and ‘minor’ genes are part of a continuum described by i. The model is used to illustrate the effects of combining ‘major’ and ‘minor’ genes and the effects of some arbitrary combinations are calculated. Data with which to test the model are sparse but what little there is tends to support it. Interactions between resistance genes, the fitness of females, the selection of males and the effects of resistant cultivars on populations are discussed. Selection by resistant potato hybrids in pots is surprisingly rapid and sometimes becomes evident after only five generations. Ways in which resistant cultivars might be used to prolong the useful life of resistant cultivars are briefly discussed.     

免耕栽培模式下油菜菌核病的早期分子检测及预测模型建立

为建立免耕栽培模式下油菜菌核病的早期预测模型,通过巢式PCR法检测湖北省前茬分别为棉花和水稻的2种免耕油菜田花朵带菌率,结合田间调查分析茎秆菌核病发生率与病害主要流行影响因子之间的相关性,并采用主成分分析法建立免耕油菜田花期菌核病的预测模型。结果表明,2009—2012年棉花-油菜田花朵带菌率在同期比水稻-油菜田高,前者花朵带菌率为2.0%~58.2%,后者为0~41.0%。花朵带菌率、子囊盘密度和叶发病率对茎秆发病起主要作用,降雨量和温度作用次之;建立的棉花-油菜和水稻-油菜2种免耕类型田病害预测模型分别为:y=0.261x_1+4.89x_2+0.323x_3+0.32x_4+0.457x_5-9.438,y=0.361x_1+5.824x_2+0.323x_3+0.809x_4+0.333x_5-12.608;且预测值与实际值之间均具有较高的拟合度。表明在花期获得的花朵带菌率、子囊盘密度、叶发病率、降雨量及气温数据,经病害模拟方程可预测当年油菜菌核病发生情况。     

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and biochemical responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan

A sixty-day experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on growth performance, RNA/DNA ratio and some biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal dose of endosulfan (1/10th of 96 h static non-renewal LC₅₀ = 0.2 ppb) to assess the role of pyridoxine in ameliorating the negative effects of endosulfan. Two hundred seventy fingerlings (6.5 ± 0.26 g) were randomly distributed into six treatments in triplicates (15 fish/tank). Five iso-nitrogenous (35.45-35.75% crude protein) purified diets were prepared with graded levels of pyridoxine. Six treatment groups were T₀ (10 mg PN + without endosulfan), T₁ (0 mg PN + endosulfan), T₂ (10 mg PN + endosulfan), T₃ (50 mg PN + endosulfan), T₄ (100 mg PN + endosulfan) and T₅ (200 mg PN + endosulfan). Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR), tissue glycogen, and protease activity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pyridoxine fed groups compared to their non-pyridoxine fed counterpart. Protease activity was positively correlated (R² = 0.931) with (%) weight gain. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in non-pyridoxine fed group and decreased in pyridoxine fed counterparts. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effect of dietary pyridoxine on feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival, gastro-somatic index (GSI), hepato-somatic index (HSI) and liver and muscle DNA levels of L. rohita fingerlings. RNA levels, both in liver and muscle, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in pyridoxine fed groups. A positive correlation was observed between growth and RNA levels, both in liver (R² = 0.91) and muscle (R² = 0.88). RNA/DNA ratio showed a third order polynomial relationship with dietary pyridoxine, both in liver (Y = −0.014x³ + 0.1613x² − 0.5333x + 0.7933, R² = 0.987) and muscle (Y = −0.0407x³ + 0.4763x² − 1.6358x + 2.4667, R² = 0.9345). The overall results obtained in present study indicated that dietary pyridoxine supplementation at 100 or 200 mg PN/kg diet ameliorates the negative effects of endosulfan and restores optimal growth of L. rohita fingerlings.     

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发的影响

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发影响的试验结果表明,TCK冬孢子在-2～12℃范围内都可以萌发,5℃为最佳萌发温度。同一分离菌冬孢子在不同温度处理的萌发特性和萌发率有差异;不同分离菌冬孢子在相同温度下的萌发特性和萌发率有很大差异。在5℃下5个分离菌中,冬孢子萌发起始时间最短的为15 d,最长为35 d,培养60 d时分离菌T_t1、T_t2、T_y、T_m和T_u冬孢子的萌发率分别为86.4%、23.9%、23.3%、44.3%和81.0%。根据分离菌T_t2不同温度下培养50 d时的萌发率,建立了萌发率(Y)与温度(X)的模型为Y=0.150 8 exp[-0.02949(X-4.957 6)]2,此结果为TCK的风险评估提供了基础数据。     

Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on celery

Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships in root‐knot disease of celery (Apium graveolens ) caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Naturally and artificially infected celery cv. D’elne plants showed severe yellowing and stunting, with heavily deformed and damaged root systems. Nematode‐induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and commonly contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm of giant cells was aggregated along their thickened cell walls and consequently the vascular tissues within galls appeared disrupted and disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density (Pi) and growth of celery plants was tested in glasshouse experiments with inoculum levels that varied from 0 to 512 eggs and second‐stage juveniles (J₂) mL^?1 soil. Seinhorst's model y = m + (1 – m)z^P–T was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. The tolerance limit with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of celery to M. incognita race 1 was estimated as 0·15 eggs and J₂ mL^?1 soil. The minimum relative values (m) for plant height and top fresh weight were 0·37 and 0·35, respectively, at Pi ≥ 16 eggs and J₂ mL^?1 soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf/Pi) was 407·6 at an initial population density (Pi) of 4 eggs and J₂ mL^?1 soil.     

二斑叶螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了辣椒上二斑叶螨实验种群生命表。在 23℃恒温条件下 ,种群的内禀增长力r_m 为0.1510,周限增长率λ为1.1630/d ,净增殖率R_o为29.1497代 ,平均世代周期T为 22.3291d ,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为4.59d。在稳定种群年龄分布中 ,未成熟期占总量的88.9444% ,成熟期占11.0506%。     

油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。     

水稻苗期稻茎毛眼水蝇经济阈值的研究

接虫试验表明，水稻苗期每丛稻茎毛眼水蝇卵数（Ｘ_１）、为害株数（Ｘ_２）与产量损失（Ｙ）的关系符合下列方程：Ｙ＝－７．３１＋３．０１６ｘ１±２．１５，ｒ＝０．９８０４；Ｙ＝－６．７＋３．５３ｘ２±２．１９，ｒ＝０．９８０２。早稻产量损失的主要原因是受害后千粒重和实粒数减少；晚稻为千粒重下降。根据当前的稻谷价格、防治费用等，导出水稻苗期稻茎毛眼蝇的经济阈值为每丛４．６粒卵或３．７４株受害。经大田验证，与实际基本相符