基于生命表技术评价豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对豆蚜的控害潜能

为评价豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum对豆蚜Aphis craccivora的控害潜能,在实验室条件下,通过对豆蚜及其寄生蜂豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期、繁殖力、寿命等生物学特性进行观察描述,组建其实验种群生命表,并对2种供试昆虫的生命表参数净生殖力R₀、世代平均周期T、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ进行了分析。结果表明:豆蚜和豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的生命表参数R₀、T、r_m和λ分别为:72.136、23.370 d、0.183、1.201和150.925、10.607 d、0.473、1.605。其中豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂r_m和R₀值均明显大于豆蚜,且豆蚜繁殖1个世代豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂可以繁殖2个世代,表明豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对豆蚜的寄生能力强,繁殖速率高,对豆蚜种群有较强的控制潜能。     

湘南烟蚜发生量趋势预测方法研究

据宁远、郴州、芝山 3地 15年烟田蚜量系统调查 ,湘南烟蚜种群消长均为单峰型 ,符合抛物线方程。以百株蚜量lg值为预报量(Y) ,以5个气象因子及烟草生育期作预报因子 (X_i) ,对Y及X_i作 0、1化处理 ,采用指标交叉法建立预报方程。结果表明 ,对蚜量波动影响最大的前 6项因子依次为日平均气温 (X₂)、日最高气温 (X₃)、两次调查期间的总日照时数 (X₅)及X₂X₅、X₃X₅、X₂X₃。在天气预报准确的条件下 ,蚜量变动趋势预报的准确率可达 88.9%。     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群生命表的研究

侧多食跗线螨是我国蔬菜重要害螨之一。通过对该螨在取食茄子条件下实验种群生命表的研究,结果表明：该螨的内禀增长率（ｒ_ｍ）、周限增长率（λ）、净增殖率（Ｒ_ｏ）、种群世代平均周期（Ｔ）和种群加倍时间（ｔ）分别为０.２５８４、１.２９４８、１９.３９５３、１１.４７２８和２.６８２３。     

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发的影响

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发影响的试验结果表明,TCK冬孢子在-2～12℃范围内都可以萌发,5℃为最佳萌发温度。同一分离菌冬孢子在不同温度处理的萌发特性和萌发率有差异;不同分离菌冬孢子在相同温度下的萌发特性和萌发率有很大差异。在5℃下5个分离菌中,冬孢子萌发起始时间最短的为15 d,最长为35 d,培养60 d时分离菌T_t1、T_t2、T_y、T_m和T_u冬孢子的萌发率分别为86.4%、23.9%、23.3%、44.3%和81.0%。根据分离菌T_t2不同温度下培养50 d时的萌发率,建立了萌发率(Y)与温度(X)的模型为Y=0.150 8 exp[-0.02949(X-4.957 6)]2,此结果为TCK的风险评估提供了基础数据。     

十字花科蔬菜上黄曲条跳甲种群动态调查与分析

1996～1997年在深圳对黄曲条跳甲种群动态调查的结果表明 :该虫在一年中有两个发生高峰 ,即春季高峰和秋季高峰。秋季发生高峰的虫口数量是春季的2.4～2.5倍。旬降雨量 (X₁)、旬平均气温 (X₂)与黄曲条跳甲种群数量 (Y)之间的关系用数学方程式表达 :Y=27.1537-0.004 128X₁+0.004727X₂。黄曲条跳甲在一季菜生长期内的发生动态与寄主植物生长发育期密切相关。本文还讨论了黄曲条跳甲在不同寄主植物上的种群动态     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料，分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律，同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势，净辐射（R_n）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2，λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2，感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2；在新梢生长期，白天λET较小，为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进，λET逐渐增大，在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m^-2）之后减小；H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分；白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/R_n）在新梢生长期最小，为25.28%，在果实着色成熟期最大，为44.17%；感热通量占净辐射比例（H/R_n）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上，土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/R_n）相对较小，变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m^-2；在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/R_n>λET/R_n>G/R_n。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上，R_n是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子，R²高达0.88。在日尺度上，各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱，相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度，R_n都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：R_n>VPD>T_a>RH。     

抗棉花黄萎病种质资源的筛选与鉴定

应用棉花黄萎病菌 (Verticillium dahliae)毒素在棉花苗期对 32份棉花材料进行了抗黄萎病性初筛和田间病圃鉴定 ,未发现高抗材料 ,抗病类型仅占全部试材 9.4% ,耐病类型占50.0%。抗性表现较好的 4个抗黄萎病种质材料为R₁、R₂ 、R₃和R₄。     

安徽省不同地理种群草地贪夜蛾对Bt蛋白的敏感性

为明确安徽省不同生态区草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda田间种群对不同转Bt玉米的敏感性,于2020—2021年采用饲料药膜法比较不同地理种群对Bt蛋白Cry1Ab和Cry1F的敏感性。结果显示, 2020年, Cry1F蛋白对草地贪夜蛾各地理种群的活性普遍好于Cry1Ab蛋白, Cry1Ab蛋白对无为、埇桥、太和及长丰种群的LC₅₀分别为537.60、 484.84、 474.18和93.37 ng/cm²,而Cry1F蛋白对这4个种群的LC₅₀分别为274.74、 48.52、 44.44和10.64 ng/cm²,均低于Cry1Ab蛋白; Cry1F蛋白仅对宿松种群的LC₅₀ （61.81 ng/cm²）略高于Cry1Ab蛋白 （LC₅₀为54.97 ng/cm²）。2021年, Cry1Ab蛋白对无为、太和及长丰种群的LC₅₀分别为235.62、 107.76和26.33 ng/cm²,与2020年相比分别下降了56.17%、 77.27%和71.80%;而Cry1F蛋白对这3个种群的LC₅₀分别为236.84、 76.88和24.85 ng/cm²,与2020年相比, Cry1F蛋白对无为种群的LC₅₀下降了13.79%;而对太和及长丰种群的LC₅₀分别上升了73.00%和133.55%。表明Cry1Ab和Cry1F蛋白对草地贪夜蛾各地理种群均具有一定活性,可用于草地贪夜蛾的防治。     

叶面喷施K2SO4对‘瑞雪’苹果果实糖代谢的影响

为探究喷施不同浓度叶面钾肥对苹果品种‘瑞雪’果实品质的影响,确定最适宜‘瑞雪’的钾肥浓度,以4年生的‘瑞雪’为试验材料,叶面钾肥种类为K₂SO₄,设置3个浓度梯度分别为T1（0.1%）、T2（0.3%）和T3（0.5%）,以喷施清水为对照（CK）。叶面钾肥分5次施入,第一次施肥时间为5月22日（花后38 d）,此后每隔一个月喷施一次。各处理分别于花后45、75、105、135 d和180 d采集果实样品并测定糖组分、糖代谢相关酶活性以及果实基本品质等指标。结果表明：与对照相比,处理组（T1、T2、T3）均显著提高了‘瑞雪’果实的单果质量,分别比CK高12.6%、25.9%和4.4%;果实硬度分别比CK显著提高7.7%、29.6%和12.1%;可溶性固形物含量分别比CK显著提高了1.14、1.95和0.87个百分点;处理组均显著降低了可滴定酸含量,分别比CK降低了0.04、0.05和0.09个百分点。其中,T2处理后的果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量最高,单果质量为335.75 g,硬度为9.82 kg·cm^-2,可溶性固形物含量为16.35%。T3处理后的果实可滴定酸含量最低,为0.19%。施钾显著提高了新梢叶片中N、P、K、Ca和Mg的含量,显著提高了果实中N、K、Ca和Mg的含量,果实中P含量并没有显著上升。T2处理后成熟果实中果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖含量显著上升,与CK相比分别提高了35.54%、33.22%、25.31%。钾可以提高果实中酸性转化酶（AI）、山梨醇氧化酶（SOX）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和蔗糖合酶（SS）的活性,在花后180 d时,T2处理 AI、SOX、SDH、SS活性相比于CK分别提升了4.54%、2.08%、19.11%、12.81%。相关分析表明,施钾与果实中葡萄糖含量在花后45 d和75 d具有极显著正相关性（r_45DAB=0.879^**、r_75DAB=0.893^**）;与山梨醇含量在花后180 d具有极显著负相关性（r_180DAB=-0.861^**）。施钾与果实中的中性转化酶活性在花后135 d具有极显著正相关性（r_135DAB=0.763^**）;与山梨醇氧化酶活性在花后45 d和75 d具有极显著正相关性（r_45DAB=0.717^**,r_75DAB=0.880^**）;与蔗糖合酶在花后180 d具有极显著正相关性（r_180DAB=0.739^**）。最适宜‘瑞雪’苹果喷施K₂SO₄叶面肥的浓度水平为0.3%（T2）,此浓度下可以显著提高果实产量和品质。     

稻瘟病菌生理小种及其毒性

用我国一套稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别品种对分离自云南省红河州个旧、石屏、建水不同种植模式的68个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株进行生理小种测定,同时以日本8个单基因鉴别品种对供试菌株进行基因分析。测定结果为B₉、B₁₃、B₁₅、B₂₇、B₂₉、B₃₁、C₉、C₁₁、C₁₅、D₁、E₃和G₁12个生理小种,其中粳型小种占60.29%,籼型小种占39.71%。此结果与以往云南省稻瘟病菌生理小种的变化趋势相吻合。供试的68个菌株进行毒性基因分析表明Av-K^s+和Av-i+频率毒性基因较高。     

亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群发育的影响

于室内条件下研究了亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群发育的影响。采用Potter喷雾法测得阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨成螨的亚致死浓度（LC10和LC30）,并通过生命表方法研究了阿维菌素LC10和LC30浓度处理荔枝叶螨对其生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:用阿维菌素LC10和LC30浓度处理荔枝叶螨后,与对照相比,其F0代产卵量分别减少79.16%和71.83%,雌成螨寿命亦均明显缩短。F1代幼螨期、产卵前期与对照相比均无显著差异,但卵孵化期、前若螨期、后若螨期均显著延长,其中LC30浓度处理后分别延长41.4%、39.4%和36.1%;F1代产卵量降低、产卵期缩短,其子代雌性比提高;F1代内禀增长率均降低,分别为0.127 3和0.075 8,而对照为0.132 3;世代平均历期缩短,种群倍增时间延长;净生殖率和周限增长率均降低。表明亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群增长有一定的抑制作用。     

Biological features and life table parameters of the mealy plum aphidHyalopterus pruni on different apricot cultivars

Development, survival, reproduction rate, and population growth parameters of the mealy plum aphidHyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Hom.: Aphididae) were evaluated on four different apricot cultivars (Tyrinte, Sakıt, Colomer, and Bebeco) under field conditions in the Van region of Turkey. Experiments were carried out on exterior leaves of trees, 1.5–2 m above the ground. Plexiglas clip-cells (25×6 mm) with the upper side covered by muslin were used in the experiments. The mealy plum aphid performed better on Tyrinte than on the other cultivars tested. The fastest development time (first instar to adult; 9.4 days), highest daily reproduction rate (2.6 offspring/aphid/day), and highest total fecundity (48.1 offspring/aphid) were obtained on Tyrinte. The intrinsic rate of increase — a good indicator of the growth potential of a population — of individuals fed on Tyrinte was significantly greater than that of individuals fed on cvs. Colomer and Bebeco. While mean generation times (T _o ) of populations on different cultivars were close to each other, the net reproductive rate was the highest (29.45 offspring/aphid/generation) on Tyrinte and the population doubling time on Tyrinte was 18.7%, 25.2% and 26.3% faster than those of individuals on other cultivars tested. The results obtained in this study indicated that Tyrinte appeared to be the most susceptible to the mealy plum aphid among the cultivars tested. http://www.phytoparasitica.org. posting Nov. 23, 2004.     

Comparative biology and life table of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at five constant temperatures

Habrobracon hebetor Say is an ectoparasitoid that has been used as a control agent of various lepidopteran pests. Temperature-dependent life table and thermal characteristics of H. hebetor are important in understanding the dynamics of host–parasitoid relationships and for optimizing biocontrol programmes. The influence of five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) on the biology of H. hebetor when parasitizing Anagasta kuehniella Zeller was studied. The survival rate of immature stages increased from 16.67% to 83.81% as temperature increased from 15 to 30 °C and then decreased at 35 °C. Total development time ranged from 45.70 days at 15 °C to 7.10 days at 35 °C. The lower temperature threshold for immature stages varied slightly around a value of 11–12 °C. The net reproductive rate (R₀) values were significantly different among temperatures and the highest value was found at 30 °C (85.10). The high survival rate and net reproductive rate combined with a relatively short generation time at 30 °C resulted in the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) being highest (0.312 d^?1) at this temperature. Considering the acquired results, the temperature range between 25 and 30 °C was optimal for H. hebetor.     

Population growth potential of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on some solanaceous medicinal plants

The spotted ladybird beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is an important pest of solanaceous medicinal plants in India. In this study, we investigated population growth potential of E. vigintioctopunctata in the laboratory at 28 ± 1°C with 80% ± 5% RH and 14:10 L:D photoperiod on seven solanaceous medicinal plants, viz. Solanum nigrum (L.), Datura metel (L.), Datura alba (L.), Solanum surattense Burm. (F.), Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (wild) and cultivars of W. somnifera, viz. “JA 20” and “JA 134”. The lowest rate of population growth occurred on D. metel, where immature development time, immature survival and pre oviposition period were highest, and fecundity was lowest (183.96 eggs per female). The highest growth rate occurred on S. surrattense and fecundity was also highest (637.08). The lowest net reproductive rate (Ro) (56.60) and the intrinsic rate of population increase (r_m) (0.07) were obtained on D. metel and were highest on S. surattense (305.90 and 0.14 respectively). The mean generation time (T) was shortest on S. surattense (40.95 days). Using these measures, it is recognized that E. vigintioctopunctata performance was best on S. surattense and worst on D. metel. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of effective integrated pest management strategies for E. vigintioctopunctata on cultivated W. somnifera.     

Comparative biology and life tables of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Trichogramma aurosum</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Cydia pomonella</Emphasis> at constant temperatures

The influence of constant temperatures on biological parameters of German strains of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was evaluated in the laboratory on eggs of Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Development time and longevity of all strains were decreased as temperature increased. Development time of the strains differed significantly only when exposed to 15°, 20°, and 25°C. Cumulative fertility and longevity differed significantly at 15° and 20°C. Realized fertility differed significantly at all constant temperatures. Emergence rates of all strains were less than 65% and were decreased even further as temperature increased. Female-biased sex ratio ranged from 65% to 100% at all constant temperatures. The low temperature threshold for T. aurosum was 10°C and the mean number of degree-days at 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°C was 175, 183, 173 and 185, respectively. The Bavarian strain tolerated high temperatures and had the highest parasitization capability, while the Hessian strain had the lowest parasitization at all temperatures. Fertility life table analysis revealed a major effect of temperature on the population growth parameters. Net reproductive rate was highest at intermediate constant temperatures in all strains, with the highest rate recorded for the Bavarian strains at all constant temperatures. Mean cohort generation time, and population doubling time decreased as temperature increased. The daily intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were positively correlated with temperature. The relevance of our results is discussed in the context of climatic adaptation, intraspecific variability and biological control.     

Effect of apple cultivar and of temperature on the biology and life table parameters of the twospotted spider mite<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis>

Development duration and reproduction rate of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were studied on five different apple cultivars (‘Amasya’ (local cultivar), ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’) at 25°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20°, 30° and 35°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory.T. urticae performed better on Granny Smith than on the other cultivars, due mainly to high daily egg production (4.6 eggs/♀/day) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m , which was 0.243 ♀/♀/day). The lowestr _m was observed on Amasya variety (0.231 ♀/♀/day). Development periods of immature stages ofT. urticae varied from 6.5 to 15.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for females, and from 5.9 to 14.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for males. The development thresholds of the eggs and pre-adult stages, respectively, were 10.78° and 8.43°C, and total effective temperatures were 57.80 and 172.41 degree-days. Mean generation time (T _o ) of the population ranged from 9.94 days at 35°C to 25.99 days at 20°C. The net reproduction rate increased from 66.99 ♀/♀ at 20°C to 92.19 ♀/♀ at 25°C, and decreased to 84.34 ♀/♀ at 30°C and to 12.04 ♀/♀ at 35°C. The highest r _m occurred at 30°C (0.302 ♀/♀/day) and the lowest at 20°C (0.161 ♀/♀/day). http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

亚致死浓度毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响

为探讨毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的亚致死效应,采用玻璃管药膜法确定了其亚致死浓度(LC10、LC20和LC30),并研究了该浓度下毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:以LC10、LC20和LC30浓度处理后,禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命分别为(8.60±0.22)、(8.03±0.18)和(6.68±0.18)d,均显著短于对照的(10.36±0.31)d;单雌产仔量分别为(21.88±0.63)、(20.41±0.53)和(16.68±0.35)只,也均显著少于对照的(26.40±0.89)只;产仔历期分别为(7.55±0.22)、(6.69±0.17)和(5.64±0.15)d,均显著短于对照的(9.13±0.31)d;试验浓度药剂处理对下一代若蚜期的影响不显著;LC30浓度处理对下一代成蚜繁殖有显著的抑制作用,可减少单雌产仔量3.74只,缩短产仔历期1.39 d。生命表参数分析表明:LC30浓度毒死蜱处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的净增殖率(R0)比对照降低了34.71%,使种群加倍时间(t)比对照延长了17.37%;LC20浓度处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的平均世代历期(T)延长了12.59%;LC10浓度处理组各项指标与对照间无显著性差异。研究表明,亚致死浓度毒死蜱能够缩短小麦禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命,降低其繁殖力,该结果对小麦禾谷缢管蚜综合防治策略的制定具有积极意义。     

光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。     

Life history performance of Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae) on seven cucumber cultivars

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae) is an important pest of indoor and outdoor cucumber crops in Iran. We studied the life history performance of A. gossypii on seven cucumber cultivars (Negin, Pierro, Davos II, Royal safa, Dominus (Ps), Super pretty and TN-94-203) at 27 ± 1 ºC, 50% ± 10% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The developmental time for the nymphal stages ranged from 4.27 days on Pierro to 4.47 days on Negin, but differences among cultivars were not statistically significant. The lowest and highest survival rates for immature stages were 68.33% and 95% on Royal safa and TN-94-203, respectively. The total fecundity of A. gossypii significantly differed among cultivars, being the highest on Pierro (44.66 nymphs/female) and the lowest on Dominus (Ps) (69.89 nymphs/female). The lowest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) was obtained on Negin, and the highest on Super pretty. The generation time (T) was shortest on Pierro (7.41 days) and longest on Negin (8.32 days). According to our results, Super pretty and Negin were partially susceptible and resistant to A. gossypii, respectively. The findings of this study provide direction to design a more comprehensive integrated pest management program for this pest.