水稻孕穗期稻茎毛眼水蝇经济阈值的研究

试验表明，水稻孕穗期每丛水稻茎毛眼水蝇卵数（Ｘ_１）、被害穗数（Ｘ_２）与产量损失（Ｙ）的关系符合下列方程：Ｙ＝－２．０１＋４．５２４Ｘ_１±２．２，ｒ＝０．９９１４；Ｙ＝－０．０７６＋４．９１２Ｘ_２±２．７８，ｒ＝０．９８６３。产量损失的主导因素是水稻受害后，早稻实粒数减少，晚稻总粒数和实粒数减少。根据防治费用，稻谷价格等，导出孕穗期稻茎毛眼水蝇的经济阈值为每丛禾１．９粒卵或１．３４株受害穗。经大田验证，与实际基本相符。     

番茄田二代棉铃虫发生为害规律及其防治研究

第２代棉铃虫是危害番茄最严重的世代，９５％左右的卵产在番茄植株顶尖至第４复叶层的嫩梢、嫩叶、果萼和茎基上，平均每株落卵３２．８粒。在番茄上的卵量和幼虫量与第１代蛾量密切相关，卵量（Ｙ_１）与第１代蛾量（Ｘ）关系式为：Ｙ_１＝一３１５．９＋１．７７８３Ｘ，ｎ＝６，ｒ＝０．８５６２，幼虫量（Ｙ_２）与第１代蛾量（Ｘ）关系式为：Ｙ_２＝３１．３＋０．１３４Ｘ，ｎ＝６，ｒ＝０．８６５２。在第２代棉铃虫产卵初盛期应用Ｂ.ｔ菌剂含孢子１００亿个／ｍＬ２００倍液喷雾３次，或１．８％爱福丁乳油４５ｍＬ／６６７ｍ^２对水７５ｋｇ喷雾２次，防效显著。     

青稞品种抗麦鞘毛眼水蝇的初步研究

不同青稞品种麦鞘毛眼水蝇着卵量与其倒三叶叶基部脉间距、平均严重度均呈正相关［Ｙ＝２．４７６９＋０．０３３１Ｘ（ｒ＝０．５７４７^＊）、Ｙ＝４２．６３４６＋１．３４２４ｘ（ｒ＝Ｏ．７６２５）］此外，旗叶和倒一叶叶鞘内叶绿素、蛋白质含量与平均严重度也呈正相关［Ｙ＝３０．７９５７＋８．３４４２Ｘ（ｒ＝０．６１９１^＊）、Ｙ＝２３．６７＋３．９０４４ｘ（ｒ＝０．５５５９^＊）］；蛋白质含量与千粒重产量损失率之间有显著的负相关性［Ｙ＝５５．１４８３－２．４６３３Ｘ（ｒ＝─０．５７８６）］。试验表明不同青稞品种对麦鞘毛眼水蝇存在着一定的理化抗性和耐害性。     

稻纵卷叶螟百丛虫苞密度的快速查法

采用Ｉｗａｏ的Ｍ^＊＝α＋βＸ回归式测定稻纵卷叶螟，虫苞种群的α＝０．４３３４＞０，β＝１．３１４９＞１，判定虫苞为聚集分布型；在ｔ＝１，Ｄ＝０．２时其理论抽样数为ｎ＝３５．８/Ｘ＋７．８７；利用有虫苞丛率（Ｐ）与百丛虫苞密度（Ｙ）的关系，建立Ｇｅｒｒａｒｄ模型为Ｙ＝１５７．９７６［－ｌｎ（１－Ｐ）］^{１．０６１６}，其抽样精度可达９０％以上     

春小麦植株高度与灰翅麦茎蜂危害率的关系

试验表明,春小麦植株高度与灰翅麦茎蜂危害率呈极显著正相关,回归方程为Ｙ＝－１１.２４６２＋０.２９６６Ｘ,ｒ＝０.７８２１。植株高度１００ｃｍ以上,断茎率普遍在２２％以上,７０ｃｍ以下,断茎率仅有２.６５％～４.０７％。     

河西灌区棉蚜综合防治技术

通过３年调查明确,棉蚜在河西走廊荒漠绿洲生态环境下的寄主植物有１４科５１种,棉蚜发生高峰期为７月下旬至８月中旬,棉蚜蚜量（Ｘ）与籽棉产量损失率（Ｙ）的回归方程为Ｙ＝１２.０８５４＋０.０１０５Ｘ（ｒ＝０.９６６）;棉蚜的发生与地理环境、气候、灌水、作物布局关系极为密切。室内测定多异瓢虫成虫对棉蚜每日最大理论捕食量为６２５头,其３龄若虫捕食量为５００头。棉区推广以调整作物结构、狠抓棉蚜越冬寄主的冬春防治,实行规范化栽培管理,协调运用各种防治措施,合理用药的综合防治技术规程,累计示范推广２.９万ｈｍ^２,防治效果达９０％以上,增产皮棉２２２.０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,增产率为１７.０％。     

淮北地区麦蚜危害及药剂控制策略研究

通过对淮北地区小麦上蚜虫发生危害调查明确,麦株上的蚜量（Ｘ）与小麦千粒重（Ｙ）之间有极显著的负相关关系。其回归方程为Ｙ＝３８.５９１１－００９３９８Ｘ（ｒ＝－０.９２４４）。目前生产上大面积使用的５０％粉多威可湿性粉剂、５０％抗蚜威可湿性粉剂等对麦蚜均表现高效。根据麦蚜危害和药剂防治的投入产出比提出了淮北地区小麦穗期麦蚜的防治策略,应用后效益显著。     

油菜菌核病发生规律、影响因子和油菜损失率测定

经１９９５～１９９７年田间调查研究明确,油菜菌核病茎秆发病在终花后２０～２５ｄ达到发病高峰;油菜籽产量损失与发病株率和病情指数密切相关。该病发生程度与每年２月份平均温度、３月份的相对湿度、３月份的累计雨日数呈极显著正相关,病害的预测式为ｙ＝１６９.５８６４＋１０.８８０２ｘ_１－２.０２１５ｘ_６－２.２３１３ｘ_８,验证符合率达到９５％以上     

药剂涂干对苹果蚜虫的防效及天敌影响的研究

采用饱和－Ｄ最优回归设计,建立以苹果蚜虫校正减退率为目标函数的氧乐果（Ｘ_１）、久效磷（Ｘ_２）两因子效应编码值回归模型Ｙ＾（％）＝１０５.５６＋２１.２７Ｘ_１＋１６.１０Ｘ_２－２２.３２Ｘ^２_１－１８.１０Ｘ^２_２,计算得出：５～６ａ生苹果树每棵用４０％氧乐果乳油３.１５ｍｌ和５０％久效磷乳油２.８８ｍｌ混配药液,加面汤粘着剂３者共１０ｍｌ涂干,施药后７ｄ,苹果蚜虫校正减退率期望防效可达１００％,残效期达１５ｄ以上,且对蜘蛛、瓢虫、草蛉等主要天敌无明显影响。     

三化螟越冬代始蛾期与年发生量相关预测

根据１９７９～１９９３年的１５ａ观测结果，组建了三化螟年发生量（Ｙ）与越冬代始蛾期（Ｘ，以４月１０日为零）的回归预测方程，即Ｙ＝６．４４２－０．２０１Ｘ。该方程回测符合率达１００％，１９９４～１９９６年预测结果与实际相符，能够应用于测报工作。文中并分析了三化螟越冬代始蛾期与年发生量相关关系产生的直接和间接原因。     

稻水蝇危害水稻产量损失研究

采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m²)、穗损失率 (x₅,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x₁-402.7469x₅;产量损失(Y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m²)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647^**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422     

Early assessment of the yield loss in rice due to the brown planthopper using a hyperspectral remote sensing method

The brown planthopper (BPH) is an important pest in rice. Rice losses due to BPH's damage are often more than 10% of yield. Assessments on loss rates from BPH are now basically dependent on experiential indices. However, early assessments on rice yield losses using hyperspectral data are still rare. In this study, reflectance from rice canopy was measured in net cages after different densities of BPH release. Results showed that reflectance in the near-infrared region (750–1000 nm) from milk grain stage, and in 400–531 nm and 567–705 nm from mature grain stage was closely related to BPH density. These spectral indices: red-edge parameters (λ_r, Dλ_r, Sλ_r), ratio of the maximal reflectance in green (490–560 nm) to minimal reflectance (640–740 nm) in red (R_GREEN/R_RED), ratio of the near-infrared peak (R_NIR) to R_RED, normalized difference vegetation index between R_NIR and R_RED and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from both milk and mature grain stages, indicated BPH densities well. As expected, rate of loss in rice grain was higher with increasing BPH density. SAVI, Dλ_r, Sλ_r and reflectance at 760 nm (R₇₆₀) from milk grain stage were significantly correlated with rates of loss in panicle, and 1000-grain weight and multiple-linear regression models for detecting loss rate were established. The hyperspectral reflectance from rice at milk grain stage can be used to assess rice yield losses due to BPH and improve management policies.     

水稻纹枯病、二化螟为害损失估计及复合经济阈值

采取二次通用旋转设计及病虫2因素7水平全因子试验,研究不同肥密水平及相同条件下纹枯病(A)、第二代二化螟(B)的复合为害损失(AB)。结果表明,对水稻产量的影响,A、B、A×B均达极显著水准,证明病虫存在复合为害关系;复合为害的总损失与肥密因子有关,但受害株的损失与此无关。其损失率大小依次为:A相似文献   

烟草赤星病危害烤烟产量产值损失测定

在烤烟生长中后期 ,应用40%菌核净500倍液人为控制烟草赤星病发生程度 ,形成不同危害梯度 ,以研究烟草赤星病对产量产值的影响。经试验分析 ,建立数学模型。中上等烟产量损失率(Y₁)与病情指数(X)的关系式:Y₁=0.1516+1.2824X;产值损失率(Y₂)与病情指数(X)的关系式:Y₂=0.3239+0.9831X。     

Estimation of rice yield losses due to the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne

Abstract

The African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an important pest of rice, Oryza sativa, in Burkina Faso as well as other countries in West and East Africa. In spite of its importance, little is known regarding the relationship between gall midge populations and grain yield losses. To determine yield losses the gall midge was reared in cages and adult midges were placed on caged plants of the rice variety ITA 123 at different population levels. The seven treatments consisted of different numbers of insects infested on the plants; 0 insect pairs (non‐infested check), and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 midge pairs/cage. The loss in yield in relation to the non‐infested control was highly positively correlated (R² = 0.81) with the percentage of gall midge damaged tillers. The infestation by the insect on the plants resulted in the compensatory production of tillers which developed in response to the gall midge damage but the compensation was not sufficient to make up for the loss of yield due to the damaged tillers. Yield loss ranged from 0% in the control to 65.3% in the treatment with 25 pairs of adults. One per cent of tillers damaged resulted in 2% grain yield loss.     

稻茎毛眼水蝇生物学特性研究

稻茎毛眼水蝇是一种水稻害虫。为阐明该虫的发生特点,为防治提供依据,作者采用室内饲养观察和田间定期调查相结合的方法,对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:稻茎毛眼水蝇在江西1年发生7代,以幼虫越冬。成虫羽化、交配、产卵均在白天进行。羽化高峰在7:30~10:00之间。1对成虫一生平均交配7.83次,交配持续时间平均4分48秒,经过交配的成虫比未交配的成虫每雌产卵量多10.77粒,产卵前期和寿命分别缩短68.2小时和42小时。成虫产卵喜选择矮秆品种。卵大多数产在叶片下部,单粒产,卵全天24小时均可孵化,孵化盛期在22:00至次日4:00。幼虫取食叶肉和幼穗,在叶鞘内化蛹。     

Comparing rice germplasm groups for growth, grain yield and weed-suppressive ability under aerobic soil conditions

Germplasm and cultivars need to be selected as parents for breeding weed‐competitive aerobic rice in the tropics. Forty rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars belonging to the aus, indica and tropical japonica germplasm groups, or derived from crosses among them, were evaluated in adjacent weed‐free and weedy trials in aerobic soil conditions during the wet seasons of 2001–2003. The objectives of this study were to assess vegetative growth, grain yield under weed‐free (Y_F) and weedy (Y_W) conditions, and weed‐suppressive ability (WSA) of different germplasm groups. In the first 4 weeks after sowing, indica cultivars had faster growth in height, tillering and crop biomass than other groups. They also had high Y_F, Y_W and strong WSA. Aus cultivars were similar to the indica types in early growth and WSA, but were poor in Y_F. Tropical japonica groups and the group derived from indica/tropical japonica crosses were generally inferior to aus and indica groups in early growth and WSA. Both of their Y_F and Y_W were lower than that of the indica group. Therefore, indica germplasm seemed to be most suitable for breeding high‐yielding and weed‐suppressive aerobic rice for the tropics. The relationship of WSA with various traits within tropical japonica germplasm revealed that fast early growth, rather than plant erectness, is crucial to WSA.     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜的危害损失和防治指标研究

禾谷缢管蚜种群数量和危害历期是造成小麦产量损失的主要因素。采用累积虫日作为危害量指标 ,建立了蚜虫危害量与小麦产量损失的回归模型 ,即Y₁=1.4250+5.3529×10^-4X₁,Y₂=1.1780+0.0106X₂ ,确定了禾谷缢管蚜的动态防治指标     

稻飞虱和纹枯病化控的策略及复合指标研究

采取田间小区和网室盆栽试验,研究稻飞虱和纹枯病混合发生的化控策略及复合防治指标。结果表明,水稻孕穗期(7月上中旬)用高效、长效、安全药剂扑虱灵和粉锈灵混合防治的“治前控后”化防策略保产效果最佳。试验证明,稻飞虱和纹枯病对水稻有明显的交互作用。组建了稻飞虱(白背飞虱、褐飞虱)虫量(X_(1-2))、纹枯病病株率(X_3)的复合为害损失及动态经济阈值模型。经田间小区、大田应用检验,不仅防效高,保产效果好,而且减少施药次数,保护了天敌,三大效益显著。