西藏高寒草原土壤团聚体有机碳变化及其影响因素分析

土壤结构的维持和稳定对高寒草原生态系统的稳定具有重要意义。为了探明高寒草原土壤结构的变化过程,研究了藏北正常、轻度和严重退化高寒草原表层(0～10cm)、亚表层(>10～20cm)不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳(soil aggregates organic carbon,SAOC)的变化及对土壤结构的影响。结果表明:1)正常草地不同土层相同粒径团聚体有机碳质量分数均无显著差异,退化草地相同粒径SAOC质量分数随土层加深则呈显著提高的趋势;除轻度退化草地表层,不同状态草地各土层微团聚体(<0.25mm)有机碳质量分数显著高于大团聚体(>0.25mm)有机碳。2)退化草地表层、亚表层SAOC质量分数均呈显著下降,降幅随草地退化加剧却有所降低。但与轻度退化草地相比,严重退化草地表层大团聚体、微团聚体有机碳损失量分别增、减2.87、2.90g/kg,亚表层损失量则分别减少1.40、0.34g/kg,由于大团聚体有机碳损失量较大,其土壤抗蚀能力低于轻度退化草地。3)高原寒旱环境中,SAOC质量分数随SOC质量分数、土壤含水率的增加分别呈极显著(p<0.01)提高、显著(p<0.05)下降的趋势,土壤温度、土壤容重对SAOC质量分数的影响则均不显著。该文可为进一步探寻高寒草原生态系统维持与稳定的理论和方法提供参考。     

短期放牧对高寒草甸土壤水稳性团聚体构成及稳定性的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体是土壤肥力的基础。以青藏高原东北边缘地区高寒草甸为对象,采用放牧控制试验研究不同放牧强度下各粒级水稳性团聚体含量、根系和微生物数量的变化特征,以期阐明短期放牧对水稳性团聚体及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,中牧能够增加土壤内水稳性大团聚体的含量。土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随土层深度增加而减少,中牧时在0—10cm土层,粒径1mm的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量显著低于对照,但在10—20cm土层,粒径1mm土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量大于对照和其他放牧处理;随着放牧梯度的增大,地下生物量也递增,在0—10cm土层表现最为明显;中牧处理下土壤中真菌数量最大,而放线菌的数量随着放牧强度的增大而增大。     

封育与放牧对黄土高原天然草地土壤化学计量特征的影响

为揭示封育与放牧2种草地利用方式下土壤化学计量特征及其驱动因素,以宁夏固原云雾山封育草地和放牧草地为研究对象,定量分析了0—30 cm土壤化学计量特征及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)封育降低了土壤紧实度、容重和含水率,土壤孔隙度略有上升。(2)封育草地0—10 cm土层以0.25 mm水稳性团聚体为主,其中5 mm团聚体达到了46%,平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)分别为3.78,1.70,显著高于放牧草地(P0.05),但两者分形维数并无差异,封育草地土壤团聚体稳定性有所提高。(3)封育草地0—10 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)分别为17.714,2.018,0.659 g/kg,均高于放牧草地,其中土壤TN含量达到显著水平(P0.05)。(4)封育草地0—20 cm土层碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)、氮磷比(N/P)均高于放牧草地。(5)封育草地土壤SOC、TN、C/P和N/P与土壤容重和分形维数呈显著性负相关(P0.05),并且SOC和TN与MWD和GWD呈显著性正相关(P0.05),放牧草地土壤化学计量特征与物理特性相关性低于封育草地。封育与放牧相比,改善了土壤物理特性和团聚体结构,土壤养分有所提升,土壤化学计量特征与土壤物理特性密切相关,土壤物理结构可能是影响土壤化学计量特征的主控因子。     

玉米秸秆覆盖与深翻两种还田方式对黑土有机碳固持的影响

秸秆还田是实现东北黑土肥力提升与保障区域生态环境安全的有效措施。明确玉米秸秆覆盖与深翻还田下土壤有机碳(SOC, Soil Organic Carbon)的变化及其在团聚体中的固持特征,对于揭示秸秆还田后黑土有机碳的稳定机制与固碳潜力具有重要意义。该研究基于黑土区中部6 a定位试验,选择常规种植(CK)、秸秆覆盖还田(SM, Stovers Mulching)和秸秆深翻还田(SI, Stovers Incorporation)3个处理,对0～10、10～20、20～30及30～40 cm土层SOC含量、容重、水稳性团聚体分布及团聚体中有机碳(OC, Organic Carbon)含量进行了分析与测定,并对各处理年均碳投入量、SOC储量与土壤固碳速率等进行了估算。与CK相比,SM处理显著增加了0～10 cm土层SOC含量,增幅为22.4%,但对10～40cm土层SOC含量无显著影响;SI处理显著增加了0～40cm土层SOC含量,增幅为18.1%～41.5%,以20～30cm的增幅最突出。与SM处理相比,SI处理0～10 cm土层SOC储量显著低于前者,而20～30 cm土层SOC储量反之。6 a间,SM处理耕层(0～20 cm)与亚耕层(20～40 cm)土壤固碳速率分别为1.34和0.77 Mg/(hm2·a),SI处理为0.85和1.74 Mg/(hm2·a)。秸秆不同还田方式显著改变了0～40 cm土层团聚体分布及其中OC含量。与CK相比,SM显著增加了耕层大团聚体(0.25 mm)比例与平均质量直径(MWD, Mean Weight Diameter),SI显著提高了0～40 cm土层团聚体MWD,且对10～40 cm土层团聚结构的改善作用优于SM;SM处理显著增加了0～10 cm土层2和0.053 mm粒级团聚体OC含量,SI处理不仅增加了0～10 cm土层2 mm粒级团聚体OC含量,也显著提高了10～40 cm土层各粒级团聚体OC含量。在黑土区,秸秆覆盖还田对SOC的提升主要集中于表层,秸秆深翻还田促进了0～40cm土层SOC积累与土壤团聚结构的改善。     

不同年限红柳恢复川西北高寒沙地对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

利用土壤大团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和团聚体对有机碳贡献率(F)指标,研究不同时间尺度红柳恢复川西北高寒沙地对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:红柳不同恢复年限土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体都以微团聚体(0.25mm)组成为主,随着恢复年限增加,表层(0—20cm)2,0.5~2mm粒级土壤团聚体含量显著增加,表层(0—20cm)土壤团聚体R_(0.25)、MWD和GMD表现为0年5年10年15年,PAD呈现相反的特征;红柳恢复引起表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳含量显著增加,随着恢复年限增加,2,0.5~2mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著提高,0.5mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳贡献率高达34%~60%;红柳恢复对亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体与有机碳分布特征影响不显著。研究表明土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳指标可作为川西北高寒沙地土壤生态修复适应性指标,红柳恢复对该区沙化土壤改良具有重要作用。     

施用生物质灰渣对柑橘园土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

为探讨生物质灰渣施用对紫色丘陵区柑橘园土壤团聚体组成、稳定性以及不同土层各粒级团聚体有机碳分布的影响。以重庆市现代果树生态示范园为研究对象,采用沙维诺夫干筛法和湿筛法测定了土壤中各粒级团聚体含量,并用重铬酸钾外加热法测定其水稳定性团聚体的有机碳含量。结果表明:(1)干筛下,B处理(施用生物质灰渣21 260kg/hm~2)R_(0.25)含量高于A处理(对照),且A和B处理土壤团聚体主要以5mm粒径团聚体为主,其含量均大于70%;湿筛下,B处理20—40cm土层土壤R0.25含量高于0—20cm和40—60cm土层,分别增加了6.47%和11.60%,A处理也呈现相同的变化趋势,且A和B处理土壤水稳定团聚体主要以0.25mm粒径团聚体为主。(2)在0—20cm土层中,B处理在湿筛下的GMD和MWD均高于A处理,分别比A处理增加了0.87%和2.87%;在40—60cm中,B处理在干筛下的GMD和MWD达最大值,分别为4.54,4.81mm,可见配施生物质灰渣有利于提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,尤其有利于提高土壤表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)的团聚体稳定性。(3)与表层相比,A处理40—60cm土层5,5~2,2~1,1~0.5mm有机碳含量降幅分别是B处理的1.13,1.06,1.15,1.13倍,施用生物质灰渣能减小20—40cm和40—60cm土层有机碳的降幅;总体上,B处理各土层各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均高于A处理,提高土壤团聚体各粒级有机碳含量。(4)B处理0—60cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳总储量为4.318 8×10~5 kg/hm~2,比A处理高1.86%。配施生物质灰渣能够增加大团聚体的数量,提高土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳储量,提高土壤有机碳水平。     

封育对草地深层土壤碳储量及其固持速率的影响

为了揭示长期封育草地深层土壤碳、氮固持及固持速率,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄土高原宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区长期封育草地土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(STN)储量及其固持速率的变化特征。结果表明封育30年草地0—500cm各土层SOC储量显著高于封育10年草地和放牧草地,封育10年草地不同深度SOC储量与放牧草地并无差异;封育30年、10年和放牧草地STN储量在各土层无统计学上的差异,而封育30年不同深度STN储量显著高于封育10年和放牧草地;封育30年SOC,STN固持主要发生在10~30年间,0—500cm固持量分别为(482.5±39.3)Mg/hm~2,(27.7±2.4)Mg/hm~2,封育前10年有机碳、全氮固持量小,分别为(42.8±6)Mg/hm~2,(3.4±2.1)Mg/hm~2;封育30年0—500cm土层SOC和STN固持分别为(525.3±62.0)Mg/hm~2,(25.0±3.0)Mg/hm~2,固持速率分别为(17.5±2.1)Mg/(hm~2·a),(0.83±0.3)Mg/(hm~2·a);碳氮比随着封育年限增加而增大,随土层深度增加而降低。封育草地深层土壤有巨大固碳潜力,评估碳氮固持不仅要时间尺度,也要考虑深层土壤碳氮固持,以达到对生态系统碳氮储量评估的无偏估计。     

黄泛沙地不同林龄杨树人工林土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为明确黄泛沙地不同林龄杨树人工林对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响,以山东省国有东明林场3 a,5 a,8 a,10 a生杨树人工林土壤为研究对象,采用野外取样、室内试验与湿筛法分析了土壤团聚体组成与稳定性,并分析土壤有机碳含量与储量的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄杨树人工林团聚体分布均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,在表层土层(0—20 cm)中,随林龄的增加,大团聚体含量呈先显著降低后增加再略减的趋势; 而在20—40 cm土层中,土壤大团聚体含量为5 a>8 a>3 a>10 a; 在40—60 cm土层无显著差异;(2)在0—20 cm土层中,有机碳含量表现为3 a>5 a>10 a>8 a; 在20—60 cm土层,呈先增后减的趋势,且无显著差异。土壤稳定性与团聚体的形成和有机碳密切相关,有机碳含量与GMD值呈极显著正相关关系;(3)不同林龄杨树人工林有机碳储量均呈现一定程度表聚性,在0—20 cm各林龄碳储量占总碳储量的59.17%～74.26%。在3 a到5 a阶段由于土壤淋溶作用,可能导致有机碳储量发生转移,从表层土层(0—20 cm)向底层土层(20—60 cm)转移,而在8 a到10 a阶段,有机碳储量从底层土层向表层土层发生转移。研究结果为揭示黄泛沙地杨树人工林土壤团聚结构形成与有机碳提升提供了参考。     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特征的影响

灌丛化是草地生态系统面临的重大生态环境问题之一,是影响高寒草地土壤碳库储量的重要因素。采集青藏高原灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤样本,用Cambardella和Elliott湿筛法和沉降虹吸法测定土壤团聚体含量及其稳定性、有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,分析了草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤团聚体以2～0.25 mm粒径为主,但灌丛化草地土壤微团聚体(≤0.053 mm)含量显著低于未灌丛化草地,表明草地灌丛化主要影响土壤微团聚体而对大团聚体含量影响不显著。灌丛化草地土壤团聚体稳定性低于未灌丛化草地土壤,表明草地灌丛化后土壤结构稳定性降低。灌丛化草地土壤SOC和TN含量显著低于未灌丛化草地土壤,说明在气候变化影响下高寒草地灌丛化可能会降低土壤碳库储量。     

连续秸秆还田和免耕对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响

选取湖北省武穴市8年田间定位试验中的传统耕作(CT)、秸秆还田配合传统耕作(CTS)、免耕(NT)和秸秆还田配合免耕(NTS)4种处理,研究连续秸秆还田和免耕措施对表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳(SOC)的影响。结果表明:CTS、NT和NTS均显著增加了表层5mm水稳性团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),秸秆还田显著增加了亚表层土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD。与CT比较,CTS、NT、NTS处理的SOC含量分别增加20.83%,21.98%,32.76%。CTS和NTS处理显著提高了表层5,5~2,0.25mm团聚体中SOC含量,NT则显著提高了5,5~2mm团聚体中SOC含量;CTS显著增加了亚表层0.25 mm团聚体中SOC的含量。秸秆还田增加了表层土壤的碳(C)、氢(H)、氮(N)和氧(O)的含量,免耕降低了H的含量,增加了其他3种元素的含量,但是免耕处理增加了亚表层土壤中H的含量。NT和NTS处理较CT和CTS处理降低了土壤的H/C值,表明土壤的脂肪族成分在不断增加。秸秆还田主要增加了土壤中醇、酚类,芳香类,脂肪族化合物和碳水化合物的含量,而免耕主要增加脂肪族化合物的含量。这些有机组分的增加有助于团聚体稳定性的增强。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.