不同外源激素处理对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响

[目的]研究不同外源激素类型、不同浓度水平以及不同直径插穗对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响,为探寻高效繁殖体系以及为人工栽培和园林生产提供科学指导。[方法]利用扦插试验和统计分析方法开展研究。[结果](1)经过吲哚乙酸(IAA),吲哚丁酸(IBA),萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)这4种外源激素处理的插穗扦插生根率,均明显高于对照,其中IBA处理的效果最好;(2)在0~400mg/L这4个水平浓度中,IAA,IBA,NAA和GA分别在50,200,50,50mg/L时,所处理的插穗扦插达到其各自生根率的最大值;(3)粗插穗(D≥7mm)的平均生根率最高,达54%,其中以200mg/L的IBA处理效果最好,生根率达到77%。[结论]桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的最优组合为,9月上旬,选用直径D≥7mm的插穗,用200mg/L的IBA处理。     

不同蓝莓组培苗在不同基质中的瓶外生根技术初探

以安娜、莱克西、南大、奥尼尔这4个蓝莓品种组培复壮瓶苗为插条,以白苔藓、松针腐殖土、绿苔藓、草炭土∶珍珠岩(1∶1)等为基质,插条经NAA 1 000 mg/L:IBA 1 000 mg/L(1∶1)的生根液处理,扦插入基质,置于育苗大棚进行生根试验。结果表明,4-6月是昭通蓝莓组培苗扦插最好的季节。4种基质中草炭土加珍珠岩成活率最高达56%,白苔藓第二为52%,松针腐殖土第三为44%,绿苔藓最差只有28%。4个品种中,南大生根率最强达60%,奥尼尔第二为49%,莱克西第三为44%,安娜最低只有27%。综合试验结果和经济成本考虑,草炭土加珍珠岩基质是昭通蓝莓组培苗的瓶外生根最理想的基质。     

大字杜鹃扦插生根植物生长调节剂的选择

为筛选出大字杜鹃扦插生根的植物生长调节剂及浸泡时间,本试验以引种驯化的大字杜鹃半木质化枝条为插穗,研究不同植物生长调节剂的不同浓度配比和不同浸泡时间对大字杜鹃插穗生根率的影响。结果表明:植物生长调节剂IBA对大字杜鹃的生根作用优于NAA,植物生长调节剂浸泡时间对其生根作用不明显;植物生长调节剂NAA 100 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 400 mg·L~(-1)生根效果最好,插穗生根率达到76%,生根数量也多;NAA50 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 400 mg·L~(-1)效果次之,插穗生根率达到69.00%。筛选出半木质化枝条扦插的有效植物生长调节剂种类及配比,为大字杜鹃的扦插提供依据。     

不同生根剂对杉木扦插根形态建成的影响

本文以贺州东潭林科所的国家级优质杉木种质作为插穗材料,采用正交试验及单因素试验设计,研究不同生长调节剂配比、ABT1#对杉木优良无性系扦插的保存率、生根率、根系活力等根形态建成指标的影响。结果表明,在NAA300mg／L＋IBA40mg／L的配比作用下,杉木扦插生根率最高,达74．15％;ABT1#对杉木插穗生根的作用效果明显,ABT1#处理后的生根率均在96％以上。生长调节剂与ABT1#对杉木扦插生根具有促进作用。     

IBA和NAA对白背枫扦插生根的影响

选用IBA、NAA两种生长调节剂,设置不同浓度梯度,探讨其短时间浸泡对白背枫当年生嫩枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明,适宜浓度的IBA、NAA均能促进白背枫扦插生根,NAA比IBA处理效果更佳。NAA 200 mg·L~(-1)为白背枫扦插繁殖的最适浓度,生根率高达88.89%,生根效果指数为2.56,与CK (清水浸泡)差异显著。     

插穗规格和基质对甘草扦插苗的影响

试验观察了不同规格甘草插穗与扦插基质对甘草扦插苗的影响,结果表明,采用枝条中插穗的扦插苗株高、生根率与根长等指标相对其余部位插穗的扦插苗较为优良,长度为2个腋芽的插穗生根率较高,斜口插穗的生根率明显高于平口。有叶的插穗生根率低于无叶的插穗,但差异并不显著。草炭、蛭石、田园土体积比为1 ∶ 7 ∶ 2的基质插穗的生根率最高。建议在甘草种苗扦插繁育中选择带2个腋芽、枝条的中间部位不带叶且斜面切口的插穗。     

萘乙酸对温床枸杞插穗促根效果的影响

在温床条件下试验观察了不同浓度萘乙酸(NAA)处理对枸杞插穗生根成苗的效果。结果表明,用浓度为 7.5、15.0、25.0、50.0、75.0、100.0 mg/L的NAA浸泡15 h枸杞插穗基部,经过10 d 22 ℃温床处理,可形成愈伤组织和不定根。以NAA 15.0 mg/L处理的愈伤组织形成效果最佳,愈伤率83.33%,愈伤周长比0.54;以NAA 25.0 mg/L处理的插穗生根效果最优,生根率78.32%,生根量1.93条/插穗。温室扦插育苗结果表明,以NAA 25.0 mg/L处理的成苗效果最好,成苗率88.33%,株高16.76 cm、径粗1.51 mm,总体生根和成苗效果最佳。     

IBA对大花月季嫩枝扦插生根的影响

以大花月季绯扇和粉扇2个品种的半木质化枝条为材料进行嫩枝扦插,在全光喷雾条件下,采用浓度为30、50、70 mg/L的IBA分别处理插穗20、40、60 min。结果表明,当用浓度为30 mg/L的IBA处理40 min时,绯扇和粉扇生根率和平均根数最高,生根率分别为93.7%、94.9%,平均根数分别为9.8、10.2条,且根系发达健壮,移栽后小苗叶色深绿,生长旺盛,成活率高达100%。当IBA浓度为70 mg/L时,一定程度上抑制了插穗不定根的发生,且处理时间越长对不定根的抑制作用越强。     

外源激素对苦丁茶冬青扦插生根的影响

为探究外源激素对苦丁茶冬青扦插生根的影响,以苦丁茶冬青当年生半木质化的枝条作为扦插材料,分别浸泡在一定浓度的生长素(IAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和萘乙酸(NAA)中2 h,以清水为对照,分析不同处理条件下插穗韧皮部营养物质含量和相关酶活性变化,并统计各处理的生根时间和生根率。结果表明:IBA和NAA处理能提高插穗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,插穗整个生根过程中可溶性蛋白含量呈先下降后上升趋势,其中NAA处理又显著提高可溶性糖含量,从而使生根时间缩短至49.25 d,生根率达71.43%,同时显著增加单插穗生根数,可在生产中应用推广。     

千层金嫩枝扦插繁殖技术

本研究用L16（45）正交试验方法,研究了基质、穗条长度、植物生长调节剂及其浓度对千层金嫩枝扦插生根率的影响。结果表明,基质和生长调节物质对生根率有极显著的影响,而植物生长调节剂浓度与穗条长度对生根率有显著的影响,4个因素对千层金嫩枝大田扦插生根率影响从大到小分别是基质、生长调节物质、植物生长调节剂浓度和穗条长度。用浓度100mg/L的NAA浸泡9cm插穗2h,在混和基质上扦插,平均生根率可达92%,且生根及新梢抽出时间早,侧根数量多,扦插效果最好。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.