黄土高原白草塬土壤水分特征及对土地利用变化的响应

[目的]对黄土高原白草塬土壤水分特征及对土地利用变化的响应进行分析,为该区水资源管理和生态建设提供重要的参考依据。[方法]测定并分析白草塬6种利用方式下0—10m的土壤水分,并基于土壤储水量、水分亏缺量及干燥化指数等指标评价土地利用变化的影响。[结果]6种土地利用方式0—10m平均含水量表现为:农地荒草地苜蓿地杏林地杏林柠条间作地杏林苜蓿间作地。土地利用变化对土壤水分的影响深度不同,苜蓿地与荒草地的影响集中在0—5m,而包含杏树的利用方式对土壤水分的影响向深层推进甚至可贯穿整个剖面。0—5m除农地外皆有重度土壤干燥化现象;5—10m包含杏树的利用方式干燥化程度较农地、荒草地和苜蓿地严重。[结论]农地转变为包含杏树的利用方式后对土壤深层水分有显著的影响,造成土壤水分储水量减少和干燥化现象严重。     

黄土高原沟壑区塬面苹果园土壤水分特征分析

为了解长期种植果树对黄土高原沟壑区土壤水分的影响,对不同种植年限的塬面果园土壤水分特征进行了分析。结果表明:黄土沟壑区塬面果园土壤水分含量普遍低于80%田间持水量,水分较亏缺。0~10 m果园土壤平均含水量与3 m以下各层含水量均呈极显著相关关系,与2~3 m层含水量呈显著相关关系,与0~2 m层次的土壤含水量相关性不显著。土壤水分含量随种植年限的增加呈现先降低后又略有恢复的趋势,但水分恢复量不大。土壤水分波动性及其亏缺量随种植年限的增加呈现先增加后减小的抛物线型变化趋势。果树根系所吸收利用的土壤水分的深度,随着种植年限的增加而增深。在果树的主要生命周期内,其吸收利用的土壤水分最大深度可达8 m上下,耗水量最大时期为盛果中期(种植15年左右)。     

不同耕法及秸秆还田对土壤水分运移变化的影响

[目的]探讨不同耕法与秸秆还田方式下,旱地草甸土土壤水分随深度运移的变化,为今后生产中因地制宜制定科学合理的耕作与培肥技术提供理论依据。[方法]采用田间定位试验,研究3种耕法免耕、浅翻、深翻与3种秸秆还田方式覆盖还田、浅翻还田、深翻还田条件下,作物生长不同时期、不同深度土层土壤含水量、田间持水量和容重的变化。[结果]土壤水分的年际间变化与降水量和降水变率有一定的关系。秸秆不还田条件下,连续2 a免耕,年际间土壤含水量随深度变化的特征曲线基本一致,0—20 cm耕层田间持水量降低13.62%,而浅翻与深翻分别增加11.32%和27.98%;耕翻深度对20—30 cm土层水分的影响较大,随作物生长和地表覆盖度增加,40 cm以下土层含水量的变化减弱。秸秆还田条件下,0—20 cm耕层浅翻还田与深翻还田田间持水量分别增加16.24%,5.08%,而土壤容重降低0.12,0.09 g/cm~3。[结论]同一耕法有秸秆还田处理土壤水分含量高于无秸秆还田,降水量越少,差异越明显。与免耕和免耕覆盖比较,翻耕与翻耕还田均增加了作物生长期间土壤含水量,提高了作物抗旱能力,产量有增加趋势。     

晋西黄土区不同土地利用类型对土壤水分的影响

为明确不同土地利用类型对土壤水分的影响,采用土钻法在2019年和2020年4—10月定期对晋西黄土区人工油松林地、荒草地、农地0—10 m土层的含水量进行了观测研究。结果表明：（1）人工油松林地0—10 m土层的蓄水量为1 281.13 mm,荒草地为1 712.85 mm,农地为1 804.77 mm。油松林地较荒草地和农地多消耗431.72,523.64 mm的水分,且多消耗的土壤水分主要来源于深层土壤。（2）3个土地利用类型0—10 m土层含水量的垂直变化可以划分为土壤水分剧烈变化层、弱变化层和稳定变化层,各层的含水量随时间的变化也不尽相同。（3）油松林根系的直接吸水深度为5.4 m,影响深度可达10 m土层以下,农作物的吸水深度为4.2 m,影响深度可达8 m土层以下。对研究区内地势平坦、交通便利的地方可种植农作物,促进当地农业经济建设;而针对油松林地土壤含水量低的现象,可采取适当水分管理措施降低林地耗水。     

兰州北山侧柏人工林地土壤水分研究

对兰州北山区4个不同造林年限(4、7、10、13年)侧柏人工林地表层土壤水分性质进行观测研究,结果表明:不同造林年限的侧柏人工林地涵养水源量存在较大差异,13、10、7、4年生侧柏林地水源涵养量比无造林荒山地分别增加201、268、251和208 t/hm2;土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量和最佳含水量随林龄的增大而增加,其大小均是13年生侧柏林地最大,无造林荒山地最小;0～30 cm层土壤水分有效性在4年生林地表现为中效水,其他林地大致都为难效水;与无造林荒山地相比,不同造林年限的侧柏人工林地土壤持水量均有一定程度增加.说明侧柏人工林能够改善土壤表层水分状况.     

不同整地措施坡面土壤水分时空分布特征

了解不同整地措施的梯田果园土壤水分的时空异质性及影响机制对提升林果产业发展具有重要意义。以赣南小洋小流域脐橙果园开发示范区内的3种典型的土地利用结构坡面（优化整地坡面、粗放整地坡面、未整地荒草地坡面）和4种土地利用类型（优化整地果园、粗放整地果园、荒草地、农地）为研究对象,研究其在0~100 cm土壤剖面上的水分时空分布特征及主控地形因子。结果表明：不同土地利用类型土壤含水量在雨季表现为农地>粗放整地果园>优化整地果园>荒草地,果园之间无显著差异,其他土地利用之间差异均显著（P<0.05）;在旱季为农地>优化整地果园>粗放整地果园>荒草地,荒草地和粗放整地果园土壤含水量大幅降低,要显著低于优化整地果园（P<0.05）。在不同坡位,雨季与旱季土壤含水量从坡顶到坡脚均表现为逐渐升高趋势,且坡上、中、下部位的差异均很小。通过冗余分析也发现雨季和旱季土壤水分异质性的主控因子分别为坡位和土地利用类型（P<0.01）,均通过表层（0~20 cm）土壤来影响水分分布。整地措施对坡面土壤水分的空间异质性提升明显,且显著提升了坡面在雨季对降雨的入渗能力,同时优化整地措施显著提升了梯田表层土壤在旱季的蓄水保水能力。研究结论可为区域内整地措施空间布局优化以及水土流失的综合治理提供理论依据。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤水分动态

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤水环境分异规律的影响。[方法]以陕西省延安市燕沟鸡蛋卯小流域1997年退耕建造的样板坡面为对象,于2009年4—10月对其西坡面,自坡顶向下分布的7种植被类型(苹果园、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛、柠条林、紫穗槐灌丛、荒草地、农地(谷子)),采用土钻法每月中旬监测。[结果]生长季(4—10月)0—200cm深度平均土壤含水量大小呈现:紫穗槐灌丛荒草地农地(谷子)刺槐林柠条林沙棘灌丛苹果园。不同植被类型下土壤水分垂直剖面分布有较大差异,在浅层(0—40cm),恢复时段的紫穗槐灌丛、刺槐林下土壤含水量一般高于荒草地,沙棘灌丛、农地(谷子)、苹果园土壤含水量低于荒草地;在中层(40—120cm),荒草地土壤含水量最高,苹果园含水量最低,乔灌林地居中;在深层(120—400cm),只有紫穗槐灌丛、农地(谷子)土壤含水量高于荒草地,其他乔灌林地、苹果园含水量较低。[结论]延安地区植被恢复的乔灌林土壤含水量以紫穗槐灌丛偏高,柠条林、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛对深层土壤水分消耗较大,不利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。     

滴灌甜菜对糖分积累期水分亏缺的生理响应

滴灌条件下,于甜菜糖分积累期设置0~40 cm土层含水量下限分别为70%、50%、30%田间持水量的3种土壤水分处理,从叶片光合特性、水分胁迫指数、恢复度、产量及产糖量方面分析复水前后甜菜的生理响应,明确甜菜糖分积累期可忍受最大程度的水分亏缺下限。结果表明:30%田间持水量处理甜菜产量及产糖量都显著高于70%田间持水量和50%田间持水量,分别比70%田间持水量提高51.34%和51.47%,比50%田间持水量提高36.72%和39.48%。复水前30%田间持水量处理的甜菜叶片净光合速率显著低于其他处理,复水后处理间的叶片净光合速率的差异随时间推移减小,胞间CO2浓度表现出相反的趋势。当土壤水分下降到既定下限时,叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化最为灵敏,且与缺水程度呈正相关;复水后叶片的细胞膜透性、抗氧化防御体系以及渗透调节物质均产生了正补偿效应,表现为丙二醛含量降低,抗氧化性酶活性增强,控制渗透调节的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加。因此,在糖分积累期,土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时进行补充灌溉,在一定程度上补偿水分亏缺对甜菜产生的负面影响,实现干旱区滴灌甜菜节水高产优质的目的。     

喀斯特地区不同年限退耕草地的持水性能

[目的] 研究不同年限退耕草地持水性能,为喀斯特地区退耕草地持水性能和水土保持提供科学依据。[方法] 选取贵州省安顺市喀斯特地区不同年限退耕草地(5,10,15,20 a)和耕地(对照CK)为研究对象,采用“时空替代法”研究凋落物蓄积量、持水量和拦蓄量以及土壤剖面容重、孔隙度、颗粒组成、含水率及持水量随退耕年限的变化特征。[结果] ①凋落物层蓄积量、最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量均表现为:15 a＞20 a＞10 a＞5 a,且凋落物层持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的关系分别符合对数函数和幂函数。②退耕草地砂粒含量和容重随着退耕年限的延长均呈现出先下降再上升的趋势;粉粒、黏粒、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量和毛管持水量的变化规律与土壤容重相反。③凋落物层和土壤层的持水总量表现为:10 a＞20 a＞15 a＞5 a＞CK,其中土壤层最大持水量贡献率达到99%以上。[结论] 退耕草地不仅增加了凋落物层的生物积累、拦截降雨作用和持水性能,还在改善土壤结构和孔隙状况的同时,提高了土壤持水性能。退耕草地均在退耕10 a以后逐渐趋于稳定。因此,建议在退耕10 a以后种植落叶树种。     

黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应

该文就陕西省长武黄土塬区主要土地利用方式下0～20 m土壤剖面水分分布特征及其与土壤质地的关系进行了调查与分析,以期服务于土地利用方式的优化配置及区域水文水资源研究。结果表明,黄土剖面古土壤层物理黏粒含量较黄土层高约2%～6%,质地较重;0～20 m剖面田间持水率和萎蔫湿度分别为(21.39±0.13)%和(8.06±0.45)%。黄土深层土壤水分分布特征与黄土-古土壤序列有关,一般情况下,一层黄土和一层古土壤构成一次湿度高低起伏,并有随深度增加湿度变大的趋势。荒草地、18年苹果园地、8年生及23年生苜蓿草地0～20 m土层平均湿度分别为18.89%、15.45%、14.77%和10.59%,连作高产小麦地0～13 m土层平均湿度为18.74%。高产麦田和荒草地3 m以下土层没有发生干燥化现象;18年苹果园地在10 m以上土层发生了中度和轻度为主的土壤干燥化现象;8年苜蓿草地在10 m以上土层发生了重度、中度和轻度的土壤干燥化现象,其中重度干燥化现象出现在4 m以上土层;而23年苜蓿在整个20 m土层都发生了重度和中度的土壤干燥化现象,其中重度干燥化现象出现在17 m以上土层。可以看出,高耗水型人工林草因水分负平衡所导致土壤干燥化,随年限增加渐进地向深层土层发展,这在苜蓿草地上表现的更为突出。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。