H5亚型禽流感疫苗变异候选株的构建

本文就2008年在江苏某鸡场分离到的一株发生抗原变异的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Huadong/4/2008(wt-DT株)开展如下研究:利用反向遗传技术,删除wt-DT株病毒血凝素(HA)基因多碱性氨基酸序列,使之成为低致病特征,再与wt-DT株的神经氨酸酶(NA)基因组合,结合鸡胚高产病毒PR8株的6个内部片段骨架,构建针对此种变异H5亚型禽流感的疫苗株,结果成功拯救出重组病毒rH5N1/PR8.病毒在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖能力,相对于wt-DT株,rH5N1/PR8在MDCK细胞上的繁殖能力明显提高.rH5N1/PR8对SPF鸡和鸡胚无致病性,在鸡体内的免疫保护效果良好,符合疫苗候选株的标准.     

重组禽流感病毒(H5N2)的拯救及其生物学特性分析

为控制在我国流行的H5N1高致病性禽流感(Avian influenza virus,AIV)和筛选具有标记的疫苗毒株,用流行的H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因和H9N2亚型AIV的NA基因及H1N1亚型AIV(A/PR/8/34毒株)的6个内部基因通过流感8质粒反向遗传操作系统拯救了重组病毒rH5N2/PR8株。为了降低重组病毒的毒力,对H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因进行了修饰,使其裂解模式由PLRERRRKR↓GL修饰为PLIETR↓GL。将获得的rH5N2/PR8株在9日龄SPF鸡胚上连续传10代。该重组病毒的血凝效价稳定在1:2048,其半数感染量(EID50)可达10-8.77/0.1 mL。该病毒的毒力显著降低,对鸡胚的半数致死量(ELD50)为10-5/0.1 mL。将该病毒灭活与油佐剂乳化,制成灭活疫苗,给6周龄SFP鸡接种不同剂量,接种21 d后,用H5N1流行野毒A/Chicken/SD/2010(H5N1)攻击,结果显示:接种剂量为0.1 mL/只的试验组,10只鸡中有5只获得保护;接种0.3 mL/只的试验组可获得100%保护。以上说明,本实验获得的重组病毒具有疫苗标记、繁殖滴度高、毒力低、免疫原性好等特点,非常适合作为"标记疫苗"候选株,为AIV(H5N1)的标记疫苗研发奠定了坚实基础。     

采用反向遗传学技术构建clade7..2 H5N2亚型禽流感病毒高产疫苗株

为构建H5N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)高产疫苗株,研究采用反向遗传操作技术删除Clade 7.2 H5N2亚型AIV A/chicken/Shanxi/Q6/2013(wt-Q6株)血凝素(HA)基因多碱性氨基酸序列,以wt-Q6株HA和神经氨酸酶基因为供体,结合A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)(PR8)AIV的6个内部片段骨架,构建针对此种变异的H5亚型AIV疫苗株,成功拯救出一株重组病毒r Q6/PR8。该病毒在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖滴度,对SPF鸡胚和鸡无致病性,具有低毒高产的特性,符合疫苗候选株的标准。     

不同种类禽流感疫苗对番鸭的免疫效果对比试验

为评价重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗鸡胚源H5N1亚型Re-6株、鸡胚源H5N1亚型Re-6+Re-8株灭活疫苗、细胞源Re-6+Re-8株灭活疫苗及水禽专用H5N2亚型D7株灭活疫苗4个产品对番鸭的免疫效果,分别取四种疫苗分别免疫20日龄番鸭,125只/组,免后35日采血测定HI抗体效价。结果表明,4种疫苗免疫后用Re-6抗原检测抗体依次分别为8.1log2、9.3log2、8.9log2、7.0log2,用Re-8抗原检测抗体分别为1.5log2、9.9log2、8.7log2、7.5log2,用D7抗原检测抗体分别为0.3log2、7.6log2、5.6log2、6.5log2。四种疫苗免疫效果由高至低依次为:鸡胚源H5N1亚型Re-6+Re-8株灭活疫苗细胞源Re-6+Re-8株灭活疫苗H5N2亚型D7株灭活疫苗鸡胚源H5N1亚型Re-6株灭活疫苗。     

利用反向遗传技术构建细胞高适应性的H9N2流感病毒

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒通常在鸡胚上增值性能高,但在细胞上增值能力差。为了获得在细胞上高效表达H9N2亚型禽流感HA和NA抗原的疫苗株,通过反向遗传操作技术将A/Chicken/Shanghai/441/2009(H9N2,SH441)的HA和NA基因与A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1,PR8)的6个内部基因进行人工重组,拯救并获得了1株禽流感重组病毒441-PR8,并对它的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,重组病毒441-PR8株在细胞上的增殖能力明显高于野生毒株SH441,该重组病毒有望成为H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗研制的候选毒株。     

青海启动紧急措施严控禽流感

本刊讯:中国农科院哈尔滨兽医研究所国家禽流感参考实验室负责人孔宪刚博士4月22日宣布,我国科研人员采用国际先进的流感病毒反向基因操作技术,构建出一株与高致病“H5N1亚型”禽流感病毒流行株抗原一致、鸡胚增殖滴度高的低致病禽流感病毒的新型疫苗。这两种疫苗分别是,“H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗”和“H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗”。孔宪刚博士介绍,科研人员是用重组DNA技术,把“H5N1亚型”禽流感病毒早期分离株的两个基因同源,重组到鸡痘病毒疫苗株的基因组中,从而构建出重组鸡痘病毒。动物试验表明,重组鸡痘疫苗免…     

我国成功研制新禽流感疫苗切断病毒传播

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰5月25日表示。由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功，其种子株是采用当前国际先进的流感病毒反向基因操作技术构建而成，新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感——H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

我国成功研制新禽流感疫苗 切断病毒传播链

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰25日表示，由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功。新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感——H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白S145N变异株致病性及抗原特性

为确定近年来H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV) HA蛋白S145N点突变对病毒毒力变化和抗原性变异的影响,笔者对从全国不同地区分离的12株H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株和HP疫苗参考株进行了半数鸡胚感染量(EID50)、半数鸡胚致死量(ELD50)、平均鸡胚致死时间(MDT)、雏鸡脑内致病指数(ICPI)、鸡静脉致病指数(IVPI)和8周龄SPF鸡感染排毒试验,并与抗H9N2亚型AIV HP参考株HA蛋白单抗2A4和F6的血凝抑制(HI)和中和反应特性进行测定.结果发现,H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株毒力偏强,能引起部分SPF鸡发病和死亡,感染8周龄SPF鸡排毒时间更早,排毒期更长.单抗2A4和F6不能抑制H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株的血凝特性,也不能中和病毒感染CEF细胞.研究结果表明,H9N2亚型AIV呈现变异趋势,有毒力增强和抗原性变异毒株出现.S145为H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白的1个抗原位点,是血凝抑制抗体结合的位点,但有该位点漂变导致抗原变异毒株出现,并可逃避免疫作用.这提示该病的防控面临着新的挑战.     

禽H9N2亚型重组流感病毒疫苗候选株的构建及其免疫效果评价

以G57基因型分离株A/Chicken/Jilin/DH104/2012(H9N2)为HA和NA基因的供体,以A/Swan/Jilin/SN8/2009(H11N6)的6个内部基因作为疫苗候选株的骨架,利用反向遗传技术拯救了1株重组H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗候选株rDH104。将该重组病毒灭活后免疫7日龄SPF鸡,28日龄加强免疫1次,血清HI抗体保护水平至少可以维持58d,表明该重组病毒具有良好的免疫原性。本试验为研制与当前H9N2亚型禽流感病毒流行株抗原性相匹配的候选疫苗株提供了依据。     

Novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Vietnamese quail outbreaks

Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014–2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses.     

Induction of a cross-reactive antibody response to influenza virus M2 antigen in pigs by using a Sendai virus vector

Protecting pigs from simultaneous infection with avian, swine, and human influenza viruses would be an effective strategy to prevent the emergence of reassortants with pandemic potential. M2 protein is a candidate antigen for so-called 'universal vaccines,' which confer cross-protection to different influenza viruses in a strain- and subtype-independent manner. We tested whether a recombinant F gene-deleted Sendai virus vector that contained an M2 gene derived from an H5N1 avian influenza virus (SeV/ΔF/H5N1M2) could induce a cross-reactive antibody response to the extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) in pigs. SeV/ΔF/H5N1M2 induced an antibody response to M2e when the vector was inoculated intramuscularly. The antibodies induced by SeV/ΔF/H5N1M2 cross-reacted with M2e derived from different avian, swine, and human influenza viruses. In mice, however, SeV/ΔF/H5N1M2 did not confer cross-protection to challenge with a heterologous H3N2 influenza virus. Our results confirm those of other groups indicating that antibodies to M2e do not mediate protection to influenza viruses in pigs.     

Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens

To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the genes encoding NDV phosphoprotein (P) and matrixprotein (M), and the NA was inserted between the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) genes, resulting in NDVH5VmPMN1FHN. Two additional recombinants were constructed carrying the HA gene between the NDV P and M genes (NDVH5VmPM) or the NA between F and HN (NDVN1FHN). All recombinants replicated well and stably expressed the HA gene, the NA gene, or both. Chickens immunized with NDVH5VmPMN1FHN or NDVH5VmPM were protected against two different HPAIV H5N1 and also against HPAIV H5N2. In contrast, immunization of chickens with NDVN1FHN induced NDV- and AIV N1-specific antibodies but did not protect the animals against a lethal dose of HPAIV H5N1. Furthermore, expression of AIV N1, in addition to AIV H5 by NDV, did not increase protection against HPAIV H5N1.     

Genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China: a potential threat to human health?

Pandemic strains of influenza A virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (A-J) genotypes in pigs in China by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swine H9N2 viruses isolated in China from 1998 to 2007. Swine H9N2 viruses in genotype A and B were completely derived from Y280-like and Shanghai/F/98-like viruses, respectively, which indicated avian-to-pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did exist in China. The other eight genotype (C-J) viruses might be double-reassortant viruses, in which six genotype (E-J) viruses possessed 1-4 H5-like gene segments indicating they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. In conclusion, genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China provides further evidence that avian to pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did occur and might result in the generation of new reassortant viruses by genetic reassortment with swine H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses, therefore, these swine H9N2 influenza viruses might be a potential threat to human health and continuing to carry out swine influenza virus surveillance in China is of great significance.     

Development of vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses

To establish vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) [Vac-1/04 (H5N1)], A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/07 (H5N1) [Vac-3/07 (H5N1)], and A/duck/Hokkaido/ Vac-2/04 (H7N7) [Vac-2/04 (H7N7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. Vac-1/04 (H5N1) and Vac-3/07 (H5N1) were generated by genetic reassortment between H5N2 or H5N3 virus as an HA gene provider and H7N1 or H6N1 viruses as an NA gene provider. Vac-2/04 (H7N7) was a genetic reassortant obtained using H7N7 and H9 N2 viruses to give high growth character of the H9N2 virus in chicken embryonated eggs. The results of sequence analyses and experimental infections revealed that these H5N1 and H7N7 reassortant viruses were non-pathogenic in chickens and embryos, and had good growth potential in embryonated eggs. These viruses should be useful to develop vaccines against H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒复制特性的基因分析

利用反向遗传技术,通过基因重排方法,以A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV的HA和NA基因组合,产生3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs。动物试验发现A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）和A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV主要在呼吸系统复制,A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）株在气管和肺组织的复制能力明显强于A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV株。3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs的动物试验发现HA和NA基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制特性起主要作用。内部基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制也有一定的作用。结果表明1994年中国首次分离到的H9N2亚型AIV经过4年的宿主适应和基因进化,加强了其在呼吸系统的复制能力,奠定了气溶胶传播的基础。     

一株鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定

从福州市某活禽市场采集的鸡泄殖腔棉拭子样品中分离出1株病毒,经血凝抑制试验(HI)和聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法鉴定为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒。在GenBank基因库中对该病毒株的3个基因片段的测序结果进行BLAST比对分析表明,3个基因片段均属于H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因。HA基因遗传进化分析表明,该病毒分离株与代表株DK/HK/Y280/97处于同一分支,与上海的鸡源分离株A/chicken/Shanghai/06/2015(H9N2)同源性最高,同源性为99.5%。     

Genetic characterization of H7N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs

Because pigs have respiratory epitheliums which express both α2-3 and α2-6 linked sialic acid as receptors to influenza A viruses, they are regarded as mixing vessel for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through genetic reassortment. A H7N2 influenza virus (A/swine/KU/16/2001) was isolated from pig lungs collected from the slaughterhouse. All eight genes of the influenza virus were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis indicated that A/swine/KU/16/2001 originated in Hong Kong and genetic reassortment had occurred between the avian H7N2 and H5N3 influenza viruses. The first isolation of H7 influenza virus in pigs provides the opportunity for genetic reassortment of influenza viruses with pandemic potential and emphasizes the importance of surveillance for atypical swine influenza viruses.     

Novel reassortant H5N5 viruses bind to a human-type receptor as a factor in pandemic risk

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(HPAI) H5N1 viruses pose a serious pandemic threat due to their virulence and high mortality in humans, and their increasingly expanding host range and significant ongoing evolution could enhance their human-to-human transmissibility. Recently, various reassortant viruses were detected in different domestic poultry, with the HA gene derived from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD-like) lineage and the NA gene from influenza viruses of other subtypes. It is reported that some natural reassortant H5N5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated from poultry in China. And their HA genes were belonged to a new clade 2.3.4.4. We evaluated the receptor binding property and transmissibility in guinea pigs of these reassortant H5N5 HPAIVs. The results showed that these viruses bound to both avian-type (α-2,3) and human-type (α-2,6) receptors. In addition, we found that one of these viruses, 031, not only replicated but also transmitted efficiently in guinea pigs. Therefore, such reassortant influenza viruses may pose a pandemic threat.     

Molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into Singapore

We have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of LPAI viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. This study included three H5N2 and one H5N3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into Singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance program. Based on the molecular criterion of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), sequence analysis with the translated amino acid (aa) sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed the absence of multibasic aa at the HA cleavage site, identifying all four virus isolates as LPAI. Detailed phylogenetic tree analyses using the HA and neuraminidase (NA) genes clustered these isolates in the Eurasian H5 lineage, but away from the HPAI H5 subtypes. This analysis further revealed that the internal genes clustered to different avian and swine subtypes, suggesting that the four isolates may possibly share their ancestry with these different influenza subtypes. Our results suggest that the four LPAI isolates in this study contained mainly avian signatures, and the phylogenetic tree for the internal genes further suggests the potential for reassortment with other different circulating avian subtypes. This is the first comprehensive report on the genetic characterization of LPAI H5N2/3 viruses isolated in South-East Asia.