枯草芽孢杆菌B02产生拮抗物质培养基及发酵条件优化

采用单因素和均匀试验设计,通过摇瓶培养对枯草芽孢杆菌B02产生抑菌活性物质的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化。结果表明,最适接种体培养时间为24h;优化后的培养基配方为（g/L）：糊精15.5g、牛肉膏20g、胰蛋白胨4g、NaCl 11.5g、KNO311.5g、MnSO45g;适宜培养条件为：温度30℃,初始pH值范围为7-8,接种量5%,摇瓶装液量50ml/500ml,转速200r/min,最佳培养时间72h。     

产酶溶杆菌OH11菌株摇瓶发酵条件研究

采用单因素试验法研究了温度和转速等因子对产酶溶杆菌OH11液体发酵的影响.结果表明温度以30℃为宜,转速以210r/min为宜.通过正交试验在摇瓶中以LB为基础培养基对发酵培养基进行了优化.优化后的培养基中活菌数在48h时可达到4.5×109cfh/ml,明显高于原基础培养基的结果;通过正交试验对其他发酵条件的优化结果表明,装液量40ml/250ml、发酵时间72h、接种量108cfu/ml和初始pH值7.5为最适条件.     

除草活性细菌SY9的筛选与发酵条件研究

从沈阳玉米田土壤中分离筛选出一株细菌SY9,其代谢产物对反枝苋种子萌发具有明显抑制活性,抑制率达85%.研究发现该菌最佳摇瓶发酵培养基为NYBD,最佳培养基配方为牛肉膏15g,蔗糖10g;最佳发酵培养条件为接菌量1%、起始pH值6.5、装液量40 ml/250ml、发酵温度28℃、摇瓶培养72 h.     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵培养基的优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用Plackett-Burman设计法和响应面分析法对枯草芽孢杆菌B908菌株的培养基配方进行优化,确定了影响B908菌株发酵液含菌量的3个重要因子依次为玉米粉、碳酸钙和豆饼粉;对这3个因子进行爬坡路径试验,通过响应面分析法确定了主要影响因子的最佳条件。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液每毫升的含菌量从0.6×109个/ml提高到1.18×1010个/ml。     

烟草青枯病拮抗细菌芽孢杆菌AR03菌株摇瓶发酵条件的筛选

本实验室从土壤中筛选出一株对烟草青枯病有较强防治作用的芽孢杆菌AR03菌株。通过正交试验,对其发酵培养基进行优化,并且对发酵条件(起始pH值、装液量、接种量、温度、转速、最佳发酵时间)进行了研究。结果表明,不同的发酵培养基组分对菌体收获重量的影响相差较大,其中牛肉膏影响最大。本试验获得的最佳摇瓶发酵配方为(质量分数):牛肉膏0.9%、蛋白胨1.5%、葡萄糖1%、NaCl 0.5%。最适发酵条件为:发酵起始pH值为7.3,300ml的三角瓶装瓶量为60ml,接种量为8%,温度为31℃,转速为140r/min,发酵时间为36h。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp~-菌株的发酵培养基配方优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用全因子实验设计法和正交实验设计法对工程菌Hrp-菌株的培养基碳、氮源配方进行优化,确定了最适碳源为葡萄糖、细玉米面,最适氮源为硫酸铵、细豆饼粉;对这四个碳氮源因子的浓度进行L9(34)的正交试验,最终确定出该菌的最适发酵培养基碳、氮源配方为(g/L):葡萄糖8g、细玉米面5g、细豆饼粉35g、硫酸铵2g。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液菌量从1.34×1010cfu/ml提高至3.30×1010cfu/ml。     

生防链霉菌F-15摇瓶发酵条件的优化

采用单因素和正交试验设计,通过摇瓶培养对链霉菌菌株F-15产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,其最佳发酵条件为:玉米粉作碳源,KNO3作氮源,初始pH为7,培养时间为5 d,250 mL的摇瓶装液量为60 mL,接种量为150μL。优化后的培养基配比为:玉米粉3.0%、KNO33.0%、MgSO40.2%、NaCl 0.2%。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp-菌株的发酵培养基配方优化

在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用全因子实验设计法和正交实验设计法对工程菌Hrp-菌株的培养基碳、氮源配方进行优化,确定了最适碳源为葡萄糖、细玉米面,最适氮源为硫酸铵、细豆饼粉;对这四个碳氮源因子的浓度进行L9（34）的正交试验,最终确定出该菌的最适发酵培养基碳、氮源配方为（g/L）：葡萄糖8g、细玉米面5g、细豆饼粉35g、硫酸铵2g。优化后的培养基配方使摇瓶发酵液菌量从1.34×10^10cfu/ml提高至3.30×10^10cfu/ml。     

适宜黄绿木霉T1010生长培养料筛选

木霉广泛存在于土壤、根际及其它基质中,对植物土传病原真菌具有拮抗作用。扩大生防因子黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)T1010培养料范围是利用生产地资源扩大生产、大面积应用的前提。本试验通过测定黄绿木霉T1010的菌丝生长和分生孢子生长,黄绿木霉T1010在固体基本培养基上生长,最佳碳源为淀粉;优化了培养条件,确定最适宜种子培养用PD培养基,摇瓶培养,生长时间3d后,菌丝生长量为5.75g/ml;最经济适宜扩大培养基为玉米15g/L,豆粉5g/L,摇瓶培养3d后,菌丝生长量为5.83g/ml;最适宜的、经济的固体发酵培养基为麦麸∶醋渣∶水=2∶1∶3.3,发酵产物孢子量为2.46×1010cfu/g。本文研究确定黄绿木霉T1010腐解培养料的能力为多方面扩大生产黄绿木霉制剂提供了科学依据。     

苏云金杆菌不同菌株混合发酵对发酵效价和蛋白含量的影响

采用5种不同苏云金杆菌菌株进行了菌株交叉混合摇瓶发酵试验和一种组合2．3t发酵罐中试,以及两个优势组合在不同氮源培养基上的混合发酵试验。摇瓶试验获得两个优势组合为GC—91 58和94004 94001,其发酵效价分别为6476和6071IU/μl,晶体蛋白含量分别为0．526％和0．577％。发酵效价分别比GC—91纯培养提高50％和40％,晶体蛋白含量分别比GC—91纯培养提高24％和36％。两种组合在以豆饼粉为主要氮源的培养基上发酵水平分别达到5650和5800IU／μl,明显优于以棉籽饼粉为氮源的培养基。GC—91 58组合在2．3t发酵罐中试发酵效价和晶体蛋白含量达到4520IU/μl和0．467％。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.