从文献计量分析国内外对冬虫夏草的研究状况

利用CNKI和NSTL为数据来源分别检索国内1915～2009年、国外1995～2009年对冬虫夏草研究的相关文献,并利用文献计量学方法进行分析,以期了解国内外多年来对冬虫夏草研究的状况.结果表明,国内冬虫夏草相关文献数量在今后几年内将呈上升趋势,且冬虫夏草将是国家资助的重点;基础研究与应用基础研究受到重视;不同地区的研究重点有所差异;冬虫夏草研究的总体水平不是很高,科研院所是产生成果的主力军.国外对冬虫夏草的研究文献总量较少,但呈现出逐年上升的趋势,其研究重点主要集中在冬虫夏草菌以及冬虫夏草的药理学、药化学等方面,对冬虫夏草的生物学特性、资源等的研究很少.冬虫夏草研究论文的总体水平有待提高.国外应在继续开展现有研究的同时加大对冬虫夏草其他领域的研究力度.     

中国冬虫夏草分布格局与环境变化对其分布的影响

冬虫夏草是冬虫夏草菌(Cordyceps sinensis)寄生鳞翅目昆虫中的蝠蛾属(Hepialus)幼虫后形成的虫菌结合体,它是我国的名贵中药材.冬虫夏草是我国特有物种,分布于青藏高原的西藏、青海、四川、云南、甘肃等省(区)及边缘地区(尼泊尔、不丹等)的高寒草甸之中.在青藏高原,冬虫夏草最南分布在N25°45'、E99°34'之间;最北分布在N38°49'、E 102°90'之间;最西在N29°53'、E 89°32'之间;最东分布在N32°31'、E 104°24'之间.冬虫夏草分布中心是青藏高原那曲、玉树、昌都等地区.在青藏高原北部冬虫夏草分布下限海拔约2600m,南部约3800m;分布上限为5200m; 最佳分布海拔在4200～4700m之间.近年来,由于全球气候和青藏高原生态环境变化,冬虫夏草分布出现两极分化,个体大的往高海拔4600m以上分布;个体小、质量差的往低海拔3600m以下分布,部分种群已经分布到暗针叶林和高山灌丛带中.     

冬虫夏草资源可持续利用面临的问题及其对策

冬虫夏草是分布在青藏高原高寒草甸的特色生物资源,具有重要的药用价值和经济价值,但面临分布范围缩小、资源蕴藏量下降的问题.出现这一问题的主要原因包括:掠夺式采挖危及冬虫夏草种群的正常繁衍,过度放牧导致高寒草甸环境恶化,雪线上升引起冬虫夏草资源分布范围收缩,人为干扰增加影响高寒草甸环境生态平衡,研究基础薄弱没有充分认识冬虫夏草的发生机理等.因此,采取以下措施将有助于解决冬虫夏草资源可持续利用所面临的主要问题:科学采挖冬虫夏草,确保冬虫夏草及其寄主种群正常繁衍;发展特色支柱产业,降低对传统畜牧业的依赖程度;大力开展科普宣传,树立资源可持续利用理念;扩大政府补贴范围,科学管理维护高寒草甸生态平衡;深化科学研究,为冬虫夏草资源可持续利用提供理论依据.     

高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定云南省巧家县野生虫草中虫草素和腺苷含量的试验

近年来,野生虫草一直是一个热门的话题,由于其分布地区狭窄、自然寄生率低、对生活环境条件要求苛刻、形成的方式复杂,因此导致冬虫夏草只能在极少数地方生长。据相关报道显示,冬虫夏草只在云南、四川、西藏、青海、甘肃等少数地方有所分布,所以冬虫夏草的数量是非常有限的,完全不能满足人们的需求。最近在云南省巧家县发现了一种冬虫夏草,其分布较广、数量可观,而且对该地区野生虫草资源的研究和利用也未见相关报道。利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了该类虫草中常见的2种活性物质——腺苷和虫草素。     

川西北“人草畜”三配套工程：给牧民一个安定的家

辽阔的川西北草原,面积逾2.56亿亩,占四川幅员面积的42%以上,是我国长江、黄河上游的主要支流的发源地.这里分布着中国最大彝族聚居区和全国第二大藏族聚居区的600万牧民.     

化隆地区牦牛资源调查报告

<正>化隆县是一个以回族为主的多民族聚居地区,其中藏族人口占全县总人口的23%。牦牛与藏族及其他少数民族的生产、生活、宗教、文化等活动有着相当密切的关系。牦牛主要分布在西部的支扎藏族     

白族传统民居探讨——以云南沙溪古镇为例

本文以云南沙溪古镇为例,分析了白族聚居区分布最广的居住形式——白族传统民居,探讨了白族传统建筑的悠久历史和民居内涵。     

中国冬虫夏草资源管理概况

阐述了中国冬虫夏草资源分布、研究及开发和管理等概况,对加强冬虫夏草资源可持续利用、促进产区农牧民收入稳定增加、维护当地社会经济协调发展和保护青藏高原草地生态环境等提出了政策建议.     

草地畜牧业是改变岩溶地区贫穷面貌的首选产业

介绍了湖南省石漠化及草地石漠化的分布,大多分布在山区、革命老区、少数民族聚居区和贫困地区,这些地区环境恶化,经济落后,财政紧张,人均收入低,石漠化现状严峻.分析了石漠化地区发展草地畜牧业的生态、经济、社会效益.对城步县发展奶业的情况进行了介绍,结果表明草地畜牧业是改变岩溶地区贫穷面貌的首选产业.     

甘肃省冬虫夏草资源保护管理对策

通过对甘肃省冬虫夏草资源分布与利用状况的调查,摸清冬虫夏草资源本底.提出:建立冬虫夏草生境自然保护区,以保护冬虫夏草资源及生长环境,提高资源再生能力;利用退牧还草等国家重大建设项目的历史机遇,加大冬虫夏草赖以生存的草原生态环境的保护力度;建立健全监管体系,依法保护冬虫夏草资源及生长环境,达到切实保护冬虫夏草这一珍稀物种资源,实现可持续利用的目的.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.