蛭弧菌及其在水产养殖动物疾病防治中的应用(连载一)

蛭弧菌是寄生在某些细菌并导致其裂解的一类细菌,最早是由德国的Stolp在土壤中发现的。蛭弧菌的生物学名称为噬菌蛭弧菌。蛭弧菌是一类专门捕食细菌的寄生性细菌,具有独特的裂解细菌的生物学特性,能够在较短的时间内裂解水体中的沙门氏菌属、志贺氏菌属、埃希氏菌属、假单胞菌属、欧文氏菌属、弧菌属等属的种类,可将致病菌限制在较低水平上,同时,还可有效地控制养殖水体的COD、硫化物和氨氮存留量。     

我国对噬菌蛭弧菌的研究（四）

2.3蛭弧菌对伤寒沙门菌的裂解作用蛭弧菌Bd81、Bd98对206株（江苏省地方菌201株,标准菌5株）伤寒沙门菌有显著的裂解作用,在自来水双层琼脂平板上,大多数可以形成清晰透明的噬菌斑,裂解强度不完全一致。Bd81裂解率为96.6%,Bd98裂解率为99.02%。     

神克隆菌在河蟹养殖中的应用

神克隆菌主要组成为噬菌蛭弧菌 (Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus)， 1962年 Stolp等发现了该类菌，有噬细菌病毒的作用。它寄生和裂解细菌的生物特性引起了人们的极大兴趣和关注。 30多年来，许多国家和地区对该类菌进行了广泛而深入的研究，研究证明噬菌蛭弧菌对沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌属、变形杆菌属、埃希氏菌属、假单胞菌属、欧文氏菌属、弧菌属中的大部分菌株均有很强的裂解能力。可改善养殖的生态环境，消除有害病菌的滋生场所，降低养殖品种病害的发生率。我们将噬菌蛭弧菌应用于河蟹的养殖，取得了令人满意的效果。 　　一、材料与方法 　…     

蛭弧菌及其在水产养殖业的应用

蛭弧菌的生物学名称为噬菌蛭弧菌。蛭弧菌是一类专门捕食细菌的寄生性细菌,具有独特的裂解细菌的生物学特性,能够在较短的时间内裂解水体中的沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)、志贺氏菌属(Shiglla)、这形杆菌属(Proteus)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、欧文氏菌属(Erwina)、弧菌属(Vibri)等属的种类.可将致病菌限制在较低水平上,同时还可有效地控制养殖水体的COD、硫化物和氨氮存留量,因此.利用其这一特性作为水产养殖水体的生物化物和"活性抗生素"具有广泛的发展前景,对开拓水产养殖动物疾病防治新途径具有重要意义。     

噬菌蛭弧菌在虾蟹养殖中的使用

噬箘蛭弧菌是自然界的有益菌之一,它可以寄生于致病菌中裂解细菌。噬菌蛭弧菌为兼性厌氧菌,在有氧或缺氧的条件下都能生存,且能发挥作用,受光照、天气变化影响较小,适应性较强,特别适合高温季节使用,不会造成水体缺氧。噬菌蛭弧菌为广盐性,海水、淡水水域均能生存;噬菌蛭弧菌既     

噬菌蛭弧菌--水产动物病害生物防治的新工具

噬菌蛭弧菌(以下简称蛭弧菌)是一类专门以捕食细菌为生的寄生性细菌,具有独特的裂解细菌的生物学特性,虽然我国对蛭弧菌的研究滞后于国外,但是利用它作为养殖水体环境中的天然生物改良剂和“活性抗生素”,仍然具有广阔的发展前景。从蛭弧菌的研究历程、蛭弧菌生物学特性包括其分布、宿主范围、生活周期、保藏、噬菌条件、除菌效果、安全性等方面,剖析了研发中存在的问题,进一步提出了研究的方向。     

噬菌蛭弧菌在水产养殖应用中存在问题及对策

噬菌蛭弧菌(Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus)属蛭弧菌科,是一类寄生于其他细菌体内并能导致其裂解的细菌。1962年,美国科学家Stolp和Petzold从菜豆叶烧病假单胞菌中首次发现噬菌蛭弧菌,它一般比     

红假单胞菌培养噬菌蛭弧菌的研究

为探索环保型的噬菌蛭弧菌宿主菌菌种，本文用红假单胞菌作为宿主菌进行了培养噬菌蛭弧菌的研究，系统地探索了pH值、缓冲系及温度等环境因子对培养效果的影响。实验表明用红假单胞菌培养噬菌蛭弧菌,其环境影响因子、出斑时间、出斑数量、培养收获浓度等方面均与大肠杆菌无差异，最佳培养条件为25℃～30℃、pH值7．0～8．0、PBS缓冲系、并添加一定量的钙、镁离子，光合细菌中红假单胞菌可完全取代污染菌大肠杆菌培养噬菌蛭弧菌,生产环保型的蛭弧菌制剂，并简化了生产程序。并建立了蛭弧菌的培养采收标准,同时初步提出了一种简易的蛭弧菌浓度的计算方法——裂解系数计算法。     

我国对噬菌蛭弧菌的研究（二）

1.4 蛭弧菌的形态结构 蛭弧菌噬菌斑革兰染色高倍镜观察,可见典型的、多量的革兰氏阳性、小的弧状杆状细胞。蛭弧菌噬菌斑悬滴相差显微镜下可见到运动极其活泼,呈跳跃式积极追捕宿主的蛭弧菌细胞,在相差显微镜下可以连续观察蛭弧菌吸附、侵染,进入、增殖、生长、裂解宿主细胞的全过程。     

嗜水气单胞菌培养噬菌蛭弧菌的研究

为探索免疫功能型的噬菌蛭弧菌(Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus)宿主菌菌种,本文用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydropila)AH-0701菌株(系)作为宿主菌进行了培养噬菌蛭弧菌的研究,系统地探索了pH值、缓冲系及温度等环境因子对培养效果的影响。实验表明用HD-0701菌株(系)培养噬菌蛭弧菌,其环境影响因子、出斑时间、出斑数量、培养收获浓度等方面均与大肠杆菌无差异,最佳培养条件为25-30℃、pH值7.0-8.0、PBS缓冲系、并添加一定量的钙、镁离子,嗜水气单胞菌可完全取代大肠杆菌培养噬菌蛭弧菌,为噬菌蛭弧菌裂解免疫制剂及鱼病生物防治技术的研究奠定了理论基础。     

应用蛭弧菌清除海产品潜在致病弧菌的研究

以从海洋环境中分离到4株蛭弧菌作为生物净化因子,对16株常见海产品潜在食源性致病弧菌进行裂解(消除)试验。结果表明,Bh04-41a、Bh04-4、Bh04-A 和Bh04-1f等4株蛭弧菌分别可裂解4、7、11、12株致病弧菌,裂解率为24%、43.8%、68.8%、75%;4株一起,则可裂解15株弧菌,裂解率高达93.8%。研究结果展示了蛭弧菌在消除海产品中潜在食源性致病弧菌的可行性。     

2株溶藻弧菌烈性噬菌体的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

为寻找并丰富溶藻弧菌噬菌体资源,实验以溶藻弧菌VAHN1为宿主菌,采用双层平板法从海南虾塘水样及福建海产品样本中分离溶藻弧菌噬菌体。通过透射电镜、限制性内切酶及构建发育树等方法对所获溶藻弧菌噬菌体进行分类鉴定;同时分析其生理生化性能。结果显示,本研究分离获得2株溶藻弧菌噬菌体VAP9与VAP21,其噬菌斑均清晰透亮,直径约1.5～2.0 mm。2株噬菌体核酸均为双链DNA,于透射电镜下可见其头部均呈正二十面体结构,2株噬菌体均属肌尾噬菌体科。噬菌体VAP9与VAP21对理化环境具有良好的耐受性;VAP9最适pH为6～8,VAP21最适pH为7～11;2株噬菌体可耐受通用杀菌浓度的过氧乙酸,且对氯仿与乙醚不敏感,同时对紫外线具有一定耐受性。2株噬菌体的最佳感染复数均为0.001,对供试溶藻弧菌的裂解率达95.2%,可裂解部分副溶血性弧菌,但无法裂解除溶藻弧菌与副溶血性弧菌外的弧菌属、葡萄球菌属、假单胞菌属等其他种属的供试细菌。噬菌体VAP9与VAP21可高效抑制溶藻弧菌VAHN1的生长,且2株噬菌体的混合制剂对溶藻弧菌的抑制效果优于单株噬菌体。将噬菌体VAP9及VAP21保守蛋白序列于N...     

蛭弧菌裂解作用的初步研究

蛭弧菌是一种寄生性细菌．广泛分布干土壤及各种水域之中．对诸多革兰氏阴性菌尤其是水产动物病厚菌具有吞噬裂解活性。本文选取七株细菌为宿主菌．对蛭弧菌的裂解作用进行了初步研究。结果表明：除金黄色葡萄球菌外，蛭弧菌对其他六株菌均具有不同程度的裂解活性．其中以对红色假单胞菌的裂解能力更强。     

蛭弧茵裂解作用的初步研究

蛭弧菌是一种寄生性细菌,广泛分布干土壤及备种水域之中,对诸多革兰氏阴性菌尤其是水产动物病原菌具有吞噬裂解活性.本文选取七株细菌为宿主菌,对蛭弧菌的裂解作用进行了初步研究.结果表明:除金黄色葡萄球菌外.蛭弧菌对其他六株菌均具有不同程度的裂解活性,其中以对红色假单胞菌的裂解能力更强.     

Comparative in vitro studies on virulent and avirulent strains of Cryptobia salmositica (Sarcomastigophora: Kinetoplastida)

Abstract. The optimum temperature for in vitro multiplication of Cryptobia salmositica was 10°C. The avirulent strain multiplied more rapidly than the virulent strain. The haemolytic components, lytic component (LC) and immune complex-forming component (ICC), were secreted by the two strains into the culture medium and were detectable from one week post-inoculation. The haemolytic activity in the supernatant increased with increasing parasite numbers in both strains. Although cultures of the avirulent strain had higher parasite numbers than those of the virulent strain, the haemolytic activity was significantly lower than that of the virulent strain. Antiserum against ICC was produced in rabbit by immunization with ICC-coated rainbow trout red blood cells.     

Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in the black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf, in Korea

Cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, suffered mass mortalities during winter 2008 and spring 2009 in Korea, showing clinical signs of ulcer lesions and haemorrhages over their body surface. The aetiological agent was identified as Aeromonas salmonicida (strains RFAS-1, -2 and -3), which is a non-pigmented, slow-growing bacterium. Phenotypes of RFAS strains showed variation, while 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD, dnaJ and recA gene sequences of all the strains were affiliated to A. salmonicida. In particular, vapA gene sequences of the strains were most closely related to one of the five subspecies of A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida (=KCCM 40239(T) ). LD(50) values of RFAS-1 for intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection were 1.5 × 10(5.25) and 1.5 × 10(6.4) cfu/rockfish, respectively. However, A. salmonicida strains KCCM 40239(T) and SAS-1, which originate from masou and chum salmon, respectively, were not pathogenic to black rockfish. RFAS strains, possessing A-layer protein on their surface, exhibited β-haemolytic activity against rockfish erythrocytes and capability to survive in rockfish serum, which seem to be associated with virulence.     

Preliminary characterization of Lactococcus garvieae bacteriophage isolated from wastewater as a potential agent for biological control of lactococcosis in aquaculture

Lactococcosis, a significant emerging disease of fish caused by Lactococcus garvieae, has become one of the devastating problems due to its serious economic damage in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a lytic phage infecting L. garvieae as a potential bioagent for the treatment of lactococcosis. In this regard, one strain of L. garvieae was isolated from diseased rainbow trout, and then, following biochemical and molecular identifications, its specific phage, WWP-1, which was able to destroy L. garvieae cells through the lytic cycle, was isolated from a municipal wastewater sample. Transmission electron microscope revealed that the isolated phage possesses an icosahedral head and a non-contractile short tail, resembled to members of the family Podoviridae. Moreover, phage WWP-1 represented optimal antibacterial activity at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C, suggesting that it could be very effective at rainbow trout rearing temperature. Restriction profile analysis revealed that NdeI can digest WWP-1 genome while EcoRI, EcoRV, and BamHI were incapable of cutting its DNA. According to the in vivo experiment result, WWP-1 could decrease mortality rate of infected rainbow trout in aquaculture. The results suggest that this naturally occurring bacteriophage could be considered as a promising agent to control the disease caused by L. garvieae strains in rainbow trout rearing.     

Cryptobia salmositica: an in vitro and in vivo study on the mechanism of anaemia in infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Abstract. There are two basic antigenic components in Cryptobia that are responsible for the anaemia in infected rainbow trout. A 'lytic component', which is dosage-dependent, causes lysis of red blood cells independent of antibody or complement. The second, an 'immune-complex-forming component', attaches to red blood cells, forms immune complexes with specific antibody and activates complement resulting in haemolysis. These two antigenic components, from both live and lysed Cryptobia , were present in the serum of infected fish. When sonicated antigen or heat-inactivated antiserum (from infected fish) was incubated with red cells from uninfected fish, a portion of the red cells was lysed and a positive Coombs' reaction was observed with the remaining intact red cells. The positive Coombs' reaction was due to immune complexes adsorbed onto the red cells and these lysed when incubated with complement. Antibody by itself did not adsorb onto the red cells. From the fourth week post-infection, a positive Coombs' reaction was observed in all infected fish and haemolysis occurred with complement. The authors suggest that, in infected fish, one or more components of the complement cascade is depleted continually during infection and that the anaemia is due to the lytic action of the antigen and immune complex formation on red cells. These lead to intra-vascular haemolysis as well as erythrophagocytosis. In general, the mechanism of anaemia in cryptobiosis appears similar to that in African trypanosomiasis.     

Effect of lytic peptides on selected fish bacterial pathogens*

Abstract. Two synthetic lytic peptides, derivatives of the naturally occurring lytic peptide cecropin B, were tested for their effect on eight pathogenic fish bacteria. All bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar at 30°C. Four levels (dilutions) of lytic peptides were incubated with viable cells in the log phase for 1 h. Standard plate counts were made after 24±2h with control plates (no toxin) representing 100% survival. Significant differences (P<0.05) in the toxicity of the two peptides were found for six out of eight bacterial pathogens. Peptide concentration or dilution level also caused significant difference (P<0.01) in bacterial counts. Peptide type by dilution level interactions were significant (P<0.01) for only two bacterial pathogens. The LD₅₀. in molar concentrations of the lytic peptides on the bacterial pathogens, ranged from approximately 10^?6 to 10^?9. The possible role of utilizing these peptides to enhance disease resistance in aquaculture is discussed.     

Enzyme treatment of Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Laveran and Mesnil) increases its susceptibility to lysis by the alternative complement pathway of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.)

This study examined whether in vitro-cultured Trypanosoma danilewskyi were susceptible to lysis in the presence or absence of anti-parasite antibodies and complement. Cultured trypanosomes were resistant to lysis by either immune or non-immune goldfish serum. However, trypanosomes treated with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin, which destroys surface proteins of the parasites, became susceptible to lysis when exposed to either immune or non-immune goldfish serum. The lysis by goldfish serum was dependent on the presence of heat-labile factors and occurred at 4 and 20 degrees C. The lysis was also dependent on the presence of Mg(2+) ions but not Ca(2+) ions. Furthermore, treatment of the parasites with different sialidases did not enhance their susceptibility to lysis by goldfish serum. Trypsinized parasites regained resistance to lysis after at least 6-h cultivation in the absence of trypsin and the restoration of full resistance was observed after 24-h cultivation. The resistance to lysis was abrogated when the protein synthesis inhibitor, puromycin, was added to the cultures. These results suggest that trypsinized trypanosomes were susceptible to lysis by goldfish complement (alternative pathway) and that protective surface proteins of the parasite were required for the resistance of normal trypanosomes to lysis.