特种水产养殖动物病毒病原的研究现状

本文举例阐明了病毒(及类似病毒)病原引起的突发性传染病给我国特种水产养殖业带来的重大损失和潜在威胁;分别对国内外爬行动物(包括鳖)、两栖动物(包括蛙)、虾、鳗等特种水产养殖动物病毒病原研究的情况进行了概述;将已知的病毒种类和中英文名称,按不同宿主归类列出;并根据最新资料以及有关工作进展情况,对上述几种特种水产养殖动物病毒病原研究的动态作了简介。     

我国养殖水生动物的病毒病

水产动物由病毒感染而引起的疾病，称为水产动物病毒病。 我国已报导的水产动物病毒病有草鱼出血病、青鱼出血病、传染性胰脏坏死病、传染性造血器官坏死病、鲤痘疮病、淋巴囊肿病、三角帆蚌痘病以及对虾肝胰腺细小病毒病等等。 草鱼是我国主要养殖鱼类之一，有着悠久的养殖历史，而草鱼出血病是鱼种培育阶段一种危害极大的病毒性疾病，致使草鱼的养殖受到严重影响。经过多年的研究，现在对草鱼出血病已有了系统而深入的认识。其病原为呼肠弧轮状病毒属（Ｒｅｃｒｏｔａｖｉｒｕｓ），草鱼出血病病毒（Ｇｒａｓｓ ｃａｒｐ Ｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａ…     

卵黄抗体在水产养殖病害防治中的应用

简述了卵黄抗体的基本特性、产生、作用机制、分离提取和纯化以及卵黄抗体在水产动物细菌性和病毒性疾病防治中的应用,可为今后卵黄抗体的研究及应用提供参考.     

我国养殖动物病害防治研究的主要成就

我国对水产动物病毒病研究起步较晚，但研究较快。据华中农业大学水产学院陈昌福教授研究报道，我国养殖动物病害防治研究取得了以下主要成就： 1、开展了鱼类病毒病的研究，主要是草鱼出血病研究；[第一段]     

石家庄市全面完成鲤春病毒（SVC）病检测工作

鲤春病毒病是由鲤春病病毒（SVC）感染而引起的,是对水产养殖业危害较大的一种传染性疫病。也是国家动物防疫法规定的二类动物疫病。该病毒传播快且比较难控制疫情．是水生动物检疫中严格检验控制的病毒。每年春、秋是鲤春病毒病发病季节。为保证石家庄市鲤科鱼类不大面积暴发此类鱼病,该市每年都对水产养殖单位进行定点监测检查,并于春、秋两季分别对监测点的鲤科鱼类进行抽样,     

中国水产动物病毒学研究概述

本研究简要概述了过去几十年来中国水产养殖动物病毒学的代表性研究成果,主要涉及鱼类病毒、虾类病毒、两栖和爬行动物病毒等。此外,本研究还展望了水产动物病毒学研究的发展趋势,以有助于加深对中国水产养殖动物病毒学研究现状和未来发展的认识。     

鱼虾病毒及病毒病研究的新进展

粮食、水产、肉类和禽蛋是我国农业的四大组成部分，而鱼虾养殖在水产业中有举足轻重的地位。但近年鱼、虾病毒病在各地普遍发生，还有一些宿主特异性较弱的病毒，可通过水体或其它媒介传播，呈全球分布，给水产养殖业带来巨大损失和严重威胁。因此分离鉴定鱼虾病毒病原，     

水产用免疫刺激剂的种类与使用方法

免疫刺激剂(immunologic stimulant)是指能够调节动物免疫系统并激活免疫机能,增强机体对细菌和病毒等传染性病原体抵抗力的一类物质.近年来,国内、外均开展了将免疫刺激剂用于水产养殖动物传染性疾病预防的研究,其主要目的是为了将免疫刺激剂用于预防使用化学药物难于奏效的水产养殖动物的病毒和细菌性疾病.本文在简要叙述水产动物的免疫防御机制的基础上,比较详细地介绍了国内、外用于水产养殖动物疾病预防的免疫刺激剂种类、特性和水产用免疫刺激剂的使用方法.     

溶藻病毒的研究方法

从溶藻病毒的分类、获得方法、分离、纯化、溶藻效果和溶藻病毒颗粒的电镜观察等6个方面进行了简要介绍,希望能为我国的水产养殖业和环境科学事业的发展起到积极的促进作用。     

细胞3D培养技术及其在水产养殖上的应用

细胞培养技术自19世纪研究成功以来,已在遗传学、免疫学、实验医学和肿瘤学等各个学科作出了重要贡献,成为相关领域重要的核心和基础技术之一。细胞的三维(3D)培养是在传统的细胞培养技术上发展起来的一种新的培养方法,可以更好地模拟细胞在生物体内的生长环境和状况,受到越来越多研究者的重视。水产动物的细胞培养是从20世纪60年代以后发展起来的,最初用于病毒的分离和纯化,对水产动物的疾病防治具有重要意义。本文在对3D细胞培养技术的特点、发展历程总结的基础上,对3D细胞培养技术在水产养殖上的应用进行简介和展望。     

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: an emerging technology for detection of fish and shellfish pathogens

Fish and shellfish diseases are a constant threat to the sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture. Early diagnosis plays a vital role in management of fish and shellfish diseases. Traditionally, various biochemical and serological tests have been used for fish disease diagnosis. However, the time and expertise required for such diagnoses makes it difficult for aquaculturists to easily adopt them under production conditions. Polymerase chain reaction and probe-based nucleic acid detection have become increasingly popular in fish and shellfish diagnostics. Recently, a novel technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed, which is highly sensitive and rapid. LAMP has been used for the detection of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases in both animal and plants. In aquaculture, LAMP-based detection of pathogens like Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, Nocardia seriolae, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, white spot syndrome virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus have been reported. In this review, the application of LAMP for the detection of aquaculture-associated pathogens is discussed.     

Complete genome sequence and pathogenic analysis of a new betanodavirus isolated from shellfish

We determined the complete genomic RNA sequence of a new type of betanodavirus Korea shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV) isolated from shellfish. Compared with other isolates representing four genotypes of betanodaviruses, the identity of the whole nucleotide sequence of the virus was in the range of 76%–83% with the presence of specific genetic motifs and formed a separate new branch in the phylogenetic analysis. In pathogenic analysis by immersion method, KSNNV‐KOR1 shows 100% cumulative mortality like SFRG10/2012BGGa1 (RGNNV) in newly hatched sevenband grouper and mandarin fish, which is clearly different from those found in negative control groups. There were no significant differences in increasing rates of mortality and viral intra‐tissue concentration of larval fishes infected with KSNNV‐KOR1 at both 20 and 25°C water temperature. Histopathological examination of each fish species in the moribund stage revealed the presence of clear vacuoles in both brain and retinal tissues similar to typical histopathology features of RGNNV. In the present study, we first report a new betanodavirus from shellfish as the aetiological agent of viral nervous necrosis disease in fish with complete genomic nucleotide sequence and pathogenic analysis.     

Prebiotics in aquaculture: a review

A prebiotic is a non‐digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon. Despite the potential benefits to health and performance as noted in various terrestrial animals, the use of prebiotics in the farming of fish and shellfish has been less investigated. The studies of prebiotics in fish and shellfish have investigated the following parameters: effect on growth, feed conversion, gut microbiota, cell damage/morphology, resistance against pathogenic bacteria and innate immune parameters such as alternative complement activity (ACH50), lysozyme activity, natural haemagglutination activity, respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase activity and phagocytic activity. This review discusses the results from these studies and the methods used. If the use of prebiotics leads to health responses becoming more clearly manifested in fish and shellfish, then prebiotics might have the potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. However, large gaps of knowledge exist. To fully conclude on the effects of adding prebiotics in fish diets, more research efforts are needed to provide the aquaculture industry, the scientific community, the regulatory bodies and the general public with the necessary information and tools.     

鱼贝类生态冰温无水活运研究进展

随着市场对鲜活鱼贝类需求的加剧,保活运输技术的研究成为热点。低温可使鱼贝类呼吸减弱、新陈代谢降低,进入"冬眠"状态,便于无水保活运输。鱼贝类生态冰温无水活运的关键工艺包括生态冰温的确定、梯度降温、贮运环境、唤醒。本文主要介绍了生态冰温原理、技术特点以及一些关键工艺方法,分析了鱼贝类生态冰温无水活运过程中需要注意的技术点,如鱼贝类品类、运输装备及运输途中各环节的有机衔接等,并对已有生态冰温无水活运技术进行了总结,指出该技术未来研究趋势及方向,为优化、完善鱼贝类生态冰温无水活运体系研究提供参考。     

Assessing the end-point temperature of heated fish and shellfish meats

ABSTRACT: Attempts have been made to assess the end-point temperature (EPT) of heated fish and shellfish meats by using the coagulation method together with sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and enzyme activity determination. Unfrozen and frozen fish and shellfish meats were heat-treated at different selected temperatures with 0, 15 or 30 min holding times. Proteins were extracted with NaCl solution. The coagulation method was able to determine EPT of heated fish and shellfish meats between 60 and 67°C. SDS-PAGE patterns of the filtrates from heated meats were closely related to the results of the coagulation method and enzyme activity determination. Two proteins responsible for producing coagulum of fish meat extracts seem to be lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). End-point temperatures determined by these methods were not significantly different between unfrozen and frozen samples. On the contrary, a highly thermostable protein with a molecular mass of 35 kDa was detected in heated shellfish meats up to 108°C. In scallop adductor muscle, this highly thermostable protein was found to be the tropomyosin subunit from its amino acid composition and their partial sequences. Tropomyosin could be used as an EPT indicator up to 108°C for heated shellfish meats.     

海洋贝类活性肽研究进展

海洋贝类含有丰富的、结构多样的生物活性肽。研究发现这些生物活性肽具有多种生理调节功能,已经发现的有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗高血压、抑菌和抗凝血等生物活性。酶解法制备海洋贝类活性肽已成为当前国内外研究的热点。本文综述了在制备、分离和纯化海洋贝类活性肽过程中的相关技术,概述了海洋贝类活性肽的活性及其结构鉴定方法,并就有关海洋贝类活性肽研究开发过程中存在的一些问题做了简要讨论。     

流沙湾养殖结构优化与生态环境生物修复技术

建立了一种贝-鱼-藻养殖结构优化与生态环境生物修复系统,该系统通过网栏设置33.3hm2半封闭的养殖海区进行试验研究,在示范海区内设置3个功能不同的养殖区,贝类养殖与珍珠培育区、鱼类网箱养殖区、大型海藻栽培区,进行鱼类与大型海藻间养和珍珠培育。经过10个月的结构优化养殖和生态环境生物修复控制,示范海区水域水质和生物环境得以明显改善。示范海区透明度显著高于毗邻海区(P<0.05),悬浮物含量显著低于毗邻海区(P<0.05);示范海区总氮、总磷营养盐浓度随养殖期的延长逐渐升高,到9月份达到最高值,以后则逐渐下降;示范海区水域浮游生物数量随养殖时间的延长逐渐升高,浮游生物量明显高于毗邻海区(P<0.05)。示范海区养殖生物生长良好,共收获鱼类21365kg、大型海藻3091.3kg、珍珠33.5kg。育珠贝存活率为73.9%、育珠贝留核率为49.9%,优质珠比率13.7%、珠层厚度平均472μm,珍珠质量明显提高。示范海区光能利用率为0.20%,总能量转化效率为34.58%,单位净产量耗总能为2.8919MJ/kg。     

鱼贝类肌肉品质变化与能量代谢关联

水产养殖是满足人们对蛋白质需求的重要途径,减少鱼贝类捕后因鲜度下降导致的资源浪费是水产品加工领域的重要研究课题之一。横纹肌作为鱼贝类肌肉中主要的食用部位,其品质变化与肌肉能量代谢状况密不可分。本文详细综述了ATP在线粒体、肌质网和肌原纤维蛋白间的产生、转运和消耗的过程。回顾了基于横纹肌能量代谢过程所提出的一系列鱼贝类肌肉鲜度评价指标,包括ATP及其关联化合物相关的K值、K_max值、AEC值,以及肌原纤维蛋白和肌质网的ATPase活性、线粒体结构和呼吸活性等。进一步根据消费现状综述了各鲜度指标在鱼类鲜品和贝类活品中的适用性,提出加强鱼贝类捕后初期（品质易逝期）控制的必要性和紧迫性。在众多指标中,线粒体活性可作为易逝期品质控制的有效指标,可有效开展易逝期的品质评价,减少因捕后处置不当造成的品质损失和资源浪费。     

2004-2009年渤海湾(天津区域)鱼虾贝产卵场水质环境综合评价

2004-2009年对渤海湾鱼虾贝产卵场(天津区域)水体实施连续调查监测,对该水域水质的年代变化趋势和质量状况进行研究和综合评价.结果表明, 渤海湾鱼虾贝产卵场(天津区域)水质处于波动状态, 2004年、2006年、2008年水质质量相对较好,2005年、2007年、2009年水质污染较重;有机污染严重, 已达到高富营养化程度.水质中主要污染物为石油类、化学需氧量,无机氮、活性磷酸盐是造成水体富营养化的关键因子.     

我国贝类加工产业存在的主要问题与发展对策

中国是贝类生产大国,但贝类加工产业还很落后,甚至受到发达国家贝类消费的贸易限制,因食用贝类而导致的卫生事件也时有发生。本文从生产卫生监控体系、净化、保活流通、精深加工、综合利用等贝类加工产业链的各环节分析了中国的现状和存在的突出问题,重点提出了完善贝类卫生监控系统的措施和加强贝类卫生防控技术的研究方向,防范贝类中高危污染物可能引发的重大社会公共事件,以期为突破欧盟禁令和维护中国贝类产业的可持续健康发展提供借鉴。