100个小麦品种资源抗条锈性鉴定及重要抗条锈病基因的SSR检测

了解小麦品种资源对中国条锈菌生理小种的抗病性水平及其所含重要抗条锈病基因,可为合理种植和利用小麦品种提供理论依据。选用中国小麦条锈菌不同生理小种CYR17、CYR32、CYR33和V26及条锈菌混合小种分别对100个小麦品种资源进行苗期和成株期抗条锈性鉴定,并采用SSR分子标记技术检测重要抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr24和Yr26。结果表明,在苗期对4个生理小种均表现抗病性的有‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等30个品种;在成株期表现抗病性的有‘Yeoman’、‘兰天1号’、‘小红麦’等88个品种;苗期和成株期均抗病的有‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等30个品种。SSR检测发现,‘贵农22’可能含有Yr5,‘兰天23号’、‘兰天24’号、‘中梁04260’和‘中梁04335’可能含有Yr10,‘Little Joss’和‘中梁5号’可能含有Yr15,‘清农3号’、‘兰天2号’、‘中梁04335’等19个品种可能含有Yr18,检测品种可能均不含Yr24和Yr26。在鉴定中保持稳定抗病性的‘Mos311’、‘兰天15号’等8个品种在抗病品种选育中有重要应用价值。     

89份河北、山西小麦品种抗条锈性评价及抗条锈病基因检测

为明确北部麦区河北、山西育成品种对中国小麦条锈病的抗性水平及部分已定位抗条锈病基因的分布状况, 利用小麦条锈菌当前优势小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对89份来自河北、山西的小麦品种在温室进行苗期分小种抗性鉴定, 在小麦条锈病不同流行区甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州设置鉴定圃进行成株期抗性鉴定; 采用与部分已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行抗病基因检测。结果显示, 苗期仅‘长4640’‘晋麦91号’‘科农2009’3份品种对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗性; 在甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州鉴定圃中抗病材料的比例分别为39.33%、24.72%和58.43%, ‘长4640’和‘晋麦91号’为全生育期抗性。通过6个已知抗条锈基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18 和Yr26 对89份小麦品种进行分子标记检测, 结果表明, 13份品种检测到Yr9标记, 2份检测到Yr18标记, 未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15和Yr26。以上结果表明, 河北、山西小麦品种对越冬菌源基地的条锈菌的抗性水平很低, 同时成株期抗性基因的利用率低, 今后应加强对新抗病基因的利用, 育种过程中尽可能在不同流行区进行异地鉴定。     

甘肃陇南中梁系列冬小麦品种抗条锈病性分析及利用

种植抗病品种是防治小麦条锈最经济有效且有利于环境保护的措施。2016年-2018年,在甘肃陇南两个不同生态区甘谷和汪川试验点对8个中梁系列冬小麦品种‘中梁25号’～‘中梁32号’进行了成株期抗条锈性分析,并在温室进行了苗期抗条锈病性评价。成株期抗条锈性鉴定结果表明:‘中梁25号’～‘中梁28号’对接种及自然诱发的条锈菌单孢菌系及混合菌均表现感病;‘中梁29号’对条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、中4-1表现抗病,对条锈菌CYR34和G22-14表现中抗～中感;‘中梁30号’～‘中梁32号’对供试条锈菌单孢菌系及混合菌表现免疫到中抗。抗条锈病基因检测发现:‘中梁26号’和‘中梁27号’含有抗病基因Yr9,‘中梁29号’含有抗病基因Yr26,其余品种含有未知抗条锈病基因。同时对后CYR34时期供试品种在甘肃陇南的利用前景进行了讨论。     

中国小麦农家品种‘老白麦’抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产上重要的气传叶部病害。不断发掘和利用新抗源是持续控制条锈病流行危害的重要基础研究工作。‘老白麦’是我国小麦农家品种,对我国当前主要流行小种和致病类型均表现为高抗水平。本研究采用常规杂交分析方法,对‘老白麦’及其与感病品种‘Taichung 29’的杂交后代在成株期和苗期分别接种CYR32号小种和CYR33号小种,进行抗条锈性鉴定和统计分析。结果表明,‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种在苗期和成株期均表现近免疫,其全生育期抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制;对CYR32号小种在成株期表现近免疫,苗期表现高感,成株抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制,属细胞核遗传。研究结果表明‘老白麦’至少含有2对显性抗病基因,分别控制‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种的全生育期抗性和对CYR32号小种的成株抗性。基因推导分析认为‘老白麦’对CYR33的全生育期抗性基因可能为未知新基因。建议在抗病育种中加以有效合理利用,促进小麦品种中抗病基因多样化布局。     

冬小麦品种‘兰天23号’苗期抗条锈性遗传分析

2014年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室,进行了‘兰天23号’/‘铭贤169’组合的亲本及其F1、F2、BC1代对条锈菌主要流行小种CYR32、CYR33及新菌系G22-9的遗传分析。结果表明,接种CYR33,F2代植株抗感分离比为144R∶54S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;接种CYR32,F2代植株抗感分离比为62R∶22S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;接种G22-9,F2代植株抗感分离比为85R∶24S,符合3R∶1S的理论比值;F1代植株对供试菌系均表现免疫,BC1代植株抗感分离比均符合1R∶1S的理论比值,表明‘兰天23号’对3个供试条锈菌系的抗病性均由1对显性抗性基因控制。通过系谱分析推知,该抗病基因来源于抗病亲本‘SXAF4-7’。     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因,利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定,并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示,在苗期,有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性,有12份对CYR34表现出抗性,分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%;有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性;在成株期,有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因,其中有3份携带Yr9,有50份携带Yr18,有43份携带Yr48,有54份携带Yr65,所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67,抗性基因的组合分析发现,共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性,且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合）,建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。     

临麦系列春小麦品种抗条锈性分析

小麦条锈病是发生于甘肃省临夏州小麦生产上的最主要病害,种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且有利于保护环境的措施。作者于2013年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州低温温室和甘谷试验站进行了苗期、成株期分小种接种鉴定,并于2010-2014年对临麦系列春小麦品种‘临麦32号’~‘临麦36号’在甘肃省不同生态区的8个试验点进行成株期抗条锈性分析,结果表明:春小麦品种‘临麦32号’苗期对所有供试菌系均表现感病,成株期对CYR29和CYR32表现中抗-中感;‘临麦33号’除对CYR29苗期表现免疫、成株期表现中抗-中感外,对其余供试菌系均表现感病。对自然诱发的条锈病,两品种也表现感病;‘临麦34号’和‘临麦36号’除对新菌系G22-9、G22-14表现感病外,对其余菌系表现抗病,但自2013年开始两品种在田间也表现感病;‘临麦35号’全生育期对接种及自然诱发的条锈菌均表现抗病。苗期选用24个国内外供试条锈菌单孢菌系进行基因推导分析,发现供试临麦系品种抗性谱与已知基因载体品种的抗性谱均不一致,初步推测供试临麦系品种含有未知抗条锈基因。     

甘肃36个小麦生产品种抗叶锈病基因分析及成株期抗性评价

为明确甘肃省主要小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈病基因状况,用来自甘肃不同地区的22个小麦叶锈菌生理小种,在苗期对测试品种进行抗叶锈基因推导,并对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定。结果表明,在已知抗叶锈病基因中,Lr2B、Lr13、Lr16、Lr22A、Lr30和Lr14B等基因以单基因或基因组合的形式分别分布在‘灵选6号’‘会宁15’‘兰天37’‘陇鉴113’‘兰天151’‘兰天134’和‘兰天40’等7个小麦品种中。‘陇鉴111’‘兰天31’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选67’和‘天选65’等14个品种可能含有与供试已知基因不同的抗性基因,‘中梁35’‘陇鉴110’‘陇原931’和‘天选57’等15个小麦品种推导其不含有供试的抗叶锈病基因。成株期抗叶锈性鉴定表明:‘陇原931’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选57’‘天选67’‘兰天31’‘临麦22’‘兰天134’‘兰天151’‘陇鉴113’‘陇麦838’和‘中梁35’具有较好的成株期抗性,具有抗叶锈病应用潜力。     

西南地区小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因多样性调查

为调查西南地区小麦条锈病抗性、抗病基因位点及其组合多样性,于2013—2014年对以西南地区为主的140份小麦品种(系)进行了成株期、苗期抗病性鉴定和抗病基因标记扫描。成株期鉴定结果显示,2013年贵阳、赫章试验点和2014年贵阳、绵阳试验点都表现为抗病的品种(系)共有50份,其中表现为全生育期抗性的有37份,表现为成株期抗性的有13份;5个抗病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26的分子标记检测结果显示,西南地区小麦Yr26的使用频率最高,为41.4%,Yr9次之为37.9%,Yr10、Yr15、Yr18使用频率较低;抗条锈病基因的组合分析显示,共出现16份基因聚合品种、7种组合类型,其中组合Yr9+Yr26出现频率较高,为5%。表明西南地区的小麦品种(系)以利用全生育期抗性为主,且抗条锈病基因利用较为单一,应发掘和利用新抗条锈病基因及重视多基因的聚合。     

小麦品种‘Waikea’抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

‘Waikea’是当前美国西北部地区大面积种植的小麦品种,研究证实该品种对中国条锈菌小种CYR31、CYR32及CYR33三种菌的混合菌苗期表现为感病,成株期表现免疫的抗性水平.采用苗期室内潜育期变温处理方法(常温昼15℃,夜10℃和高温昼24℃,夜18℃)对3个小种分别进行抗病性鉴定,明确其是否含有温敏微效基因,田间成株期抗性鉴定对其成株抗病基因进行遗传分析.结果表明‘Waikea’不含温敏微效抗病基因,至少含有一显一隐2对成株期主效抗病基因,以重叠或独立方式控制抗病性.美国西北部小麦品种‘Waikea’含有成株抗病基因,成株期对中国当前流行小种CYR33表现高抗,建议在抗病育种中加以充分利用.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.