羟自由基氧化对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响

为探究羟自由基(·OH)氧化处理对宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白氧化特性的影响,以经不同浓度(0、0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol·L^-1)羟自由基氧化体系氧化不同时间(0、0.5、1、12、24、48 h)的牦牛肉为研究对象,以未经处理的牦牛肉为空白对照,测定不同浓度不同氧化时间下肉样肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、巯基含量、二硫键含量、表面疏水性、Ca/K-ATPase活性等指标的变化规律。结果表明,随着H₂O₂浓度的增加及氧化时间的延长,不同处理组间牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白均表现出不同程度的氧化水平,其中羰基含量、二硫键含量和Ca-ATPase活性均呈显著增加趋势(P<0.01),而表面疏水性呈先上升后下降的趋势,巯基含量和K-ATPase活性则显著降低(P<0.01)。H₂O₂浓度增加至20 mmol·L^-1时,与空白对照组相比,羟自由基处理组羰基含量升高46.03%,而巯基含量下降79.79%。综上,羟自由基促使宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白发生了显著氧化,增加了蛋白的氧化程度。本研究结果为牦牛肉生产加工过程中蛋白氧化控制提供了一定的参考。     

没食子酸对海鳗肌原纤维蛋白氧化及凝胶特性的影响

为研究没食子酸(GA)对海鳗肌原纤维蛋白(MP)氧化抑制作用和凝胶特性的影响,采用羟自由基氧化体系及不同质量分数GA对海鳗MP进行处理,考察不同浓度GA对海鳗MP氧化抑制作用,采用扫描电镜技术结合凝胶特性分析GA对MP的交联作用。结果表明,氧化使海鳗MP羰基含量、表面疏水性显著上升(P<0.05),总巯基含量、凝胶持水性显著降低(P<0.05)。不同浓度GA对MP氧化均有抑制作用,质量分数分别为0.10%、0.15%的GA抑制效果最佳,且凝胶持水性显著增强(P<0.05)。圆二色谱结果表明,质量分数分别为0.10%、0.15%的GA可使MP的α-螺旋、β-折叠含量有所增加。扫描电镜结果显示,添加质量分数为0.15%的GA后形成的MP凝胶结构更加致密、光滑。综上,质量分数为0.15%的GA能有效抑制海鳗MP氧化,并改善MP凝胶持水性和微观结构。本研究为GA在水产品加工及贮藏过程中的应用提供了理论依据和数据支撑。     

自由基引起的氧化对牛乳清蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为了深入了解蛋白氧化对凝胶特性的影响,以此探讨乳清蛋白氧化对其功能性质的影响机制,该文主要研究了氧化对乳清蛋白凝胶质地、流变学特性和微观结构变化的影响。试验采用羟基自由基氧化体系,在不同H2O2浓度(1～20mmol/L)及不同FeCl3浓度(0.1～1mmol/L)对乳清蛋白分别氧化3h,通过质构仪、流变仪和扫描电镜对凝胶特性和微观结构进行研究。结果显示:同未氧化乳清蛋白相比,在所有氧化条件下,凝胶硬度降低了90%以上,贮藏模量(G')值降低了17%以上,复合模量(G*)值降低了20%以上;高浓度氧化条件下,弹性降低了20%以上。氧化明显改变了凝胶的微观结构,随着氧化剂的加入,导致了疏松多孔且不规则凝胶的形成。上述结果表明,氧化对蛋白凝胶质地和凝胶形成能力起着很大的破坏作用,并影响着其微观结构。     

羟基自由基氧化对乌贼蛋白分子间作用力及结构的影响

为研究贮藏过程中蛋白质氧化对蛋白质分子间作用力的影响机理,通过建立羟基自由基(·OH)氧化体系体外模拟乌贼肉在冻藏过程中蛋白质氧化的过程,从而探究蛋白质分子间作用力与结构的变化情况。结果表明,随着·OH氧化体系中H₂O₂浓度的增加,乌贼肌原纤维蛋白分子间作用力平衡被打破,离子键和氢键含量逐渐降低,疏水作用力逐渐增强,二硫键和非二硫共价键含量逐渐增加;肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性逐渐增加;巯基与活性巯基含量逐渐降低。应用红外光谱(FTIR)分析氧化过程中蛋白质二级结构的变化规律,结果表明,自由基对氨基酸侧链和蛋白肽链进行了攻击,随着H₂O₂浓度的增加,光谱带向不同波数方向有规律地移动,蛋白质二级结构发生变化,α-螺旋和β-折叠含量降低,β-转角和无规则卷曲含量增加。石蜡切片显示,随着H₂O₂浓度的增加,肌纤维蛋白结构趋于疏松、间隙持续增大、肌丝变细且断裂卷曲量增多。本研究为探究乌贼肉蛋白质氧化的机理提供了理论依据,为延长乌贼贮藏期、提高经济效益与食用品质等相关研究奠定了理论基础。     

菜籽多酚和Vc在化学模拟体系中清除超氧阴离子和羟自由基的能力

研究菜籽多酚、Vc、菜籽多酚与Vc混合物在化学模拟体系中清除超氧阴离子自由基OH.O2.与羟自由基.OH自由基的能力。用邻苯三酚自氧化法测定抗氧化剂清除OH.O2.的能力,用铁氧化邻二氮菲-Fe2+法测定抗氧化剂清除.OH的能力。结果表明:菜籽多酚、Vc、菜籽多酚与Vc的混合物清除OH.O2.、.OH都不呈剂量-效应关系。菜籽多酚在0.25mg/ml浓度时对OH.O2.与.OH的清除率均最高,分别达51.40%和84.82%。Vc在0.80mg/ml时对OH.O2.的清除率最高,达80.39%;在0.40mg/ml时对.OH的清除率最高,达91.35%。当总浓度为0.25mg/ml时,菜籽多酚与Vc的混合物没有协同增加清除OH.O2.的作用;菜籽多酚与Vc按7∶3、8∶2两种比例混合,在清除.OH时有协同增效作用,协同增效的最佳比例为7∶3,最大清除率达78.78%。     

高密度CO2对羊肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以羊肉糜为材料,以常压下热处理产生的热诱导凝胶为对照,通过测定凝胶色泽、pH值、持水力、质构特性以及微观结构,研究高密度CO2对羊肉糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,与热诱导凝胶（对照）相比,高密度CO2处理能使羊肉糜形成更加致密的凝胶结构,显著增加羊肉糜凝胶的L*值、硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性,但pH值变化不明显,持水力略有降低。表明高密度CO2作为一种新型的非热技术,可用于蛋白凝胶制品的制备。     

IOS和MOS对牦牛肌原纤维蛋白生化与功能特性的影响

氧化是调控肉类品质的一种潜在工具,肉类蛋白氧化调控理论的完善有助于其在食品工程中的应用。为了研究不同氧化体系下,牦牛肌原纤维蛋白化学修饰与功能性质之间关系,该研究分析了离子氧化体系(Iron Oxidizing System,IOS)和高铁肌红蛋白(Metmyoglobin Oxidizing System,MOS)氧化体系下在特定氧化程度(蛋白羰基含量)下牦牛肌原纤维蛋白的生化特性、二级结构和功能特性。结果发现,随着氧化强度的提升,牦牛肌原纤维蛋白会发生显著的巯基丧失、二硫键生成、二酪酸增加以及表面疏水性下降现象(P0.05)。当羰基浓度达到(1.51±0.13) nmol/mg以后,MOS体系的二硫键和表面疏水性变化比IOS系统更明显。此外,随着氧化程度的增加,α-螺旋结构比例会持续减少,而β-折叠与β-转角结够会持续增加。通过对蛋白质功能性功能性研究,还发现适当的氧化对牦牛肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性和乳化性有一定改善作用,其改善峰值和范围因氧化体系不同而有所差异,MOS的功能特性影响对氧化强度更敏感。通过相关性分析可以发现,二硫键与溶解度、浊度、乳化性等功能特性相关性显著,二级结构大多数指标则与溶解性和浊度相关性显著。综上所述,不同氧化体系对于肌原纤维蛋白的生化及功能特性的影响存在差异,MOS系统能够在较小的氧化程度下对功能特性产生改善作用,这与其同时带来的二硫键和表面疏水性更显著的变化有关。     

鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响研究

为了改善鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合鱼糜制品的凝胶特性,本研究通过鱼糜制品的感官评价、凝胶强度、持水性、白度、水分分布、肌原纤维蛋白凝胶电泳和光学显微镜观察等指标,分析鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,当鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例为3∶4时,凝胶特性最好,其中鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度及持水性较混合比例为5∶2时分别提高了42.74%和2.93个百分点;感官评价总分、白度值显著高于其他混合比例（P<0.05）,分别为76.3和72.3,不易流动水相对含量显著高于其他混合比例（P<0.05）,且该比例下鱼糜凝胶网络结构致密均一,对水分的束缚能力强。肌原纤维蛋白电泳结果显示,混合比例为3∶4时,肌球蛋白重链交联程度高,形成了大分子聚集体。综上,当鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例为3∶4时,可明显改善混合鱼糜制品的凝胶品质。本研究结果为提高鱿鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶品质及生产研发提供了一定的理论依据。     

水体中活性氧物种的种类与光化学来源

天然水体系中有机污染物的环境行为与水体中各种活性氧物种的光化学来源密切相关。主要介绍了水体中羟基自由基（·OH）、单线态氧（1O2）、水合电子（e–（aq））、烷基过氧自由基（·OOR）和双氧水（H2O2）五种活性氧物种的性质及其光化学来源。     

γ辐照降解水中四环素的研究

研究了γ辐照对水中四环素(TC)的降解作用,探讨了TC初始浓度、溶液pH值,以及联合H2O2、CH3OH对其辐照降解效果的影响。结果表明:γ辐照可有效降解水中TC。在酸性和碱性条件下,TC降解效果均有明显提高,其中以pH=9时TC去除率最高。添加H2O2可在一定程度上促进TC的γ辐照降解率;而添加CH3OH则明显抑制TC的γ辐照降解。通过量化计算和液质联用(LC-MS)分析发现,γ辐照降解水中TC主要是基于.OH自由基的氧化过程。     

Silicon Effect on Nutrient Acquisition of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Aluminum Stress

Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents one of the main yield-limiting factors for crops in acid soils. Silicon (Si) is known to increase tolerance in higher plants. This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with Si could improve nutrient uptake by peanut under Al stress. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Zhonghua 4) was raised with or without Si (1.5 mM) in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (0.3 mM) levels. Aluminum stress significantly decreased the root- and total-dry weight by 52.4% and 32.0%, respectively. The content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was significantly decreased, but that of Al increased markedly in shoots and roots after Al exposure at seedling, flower-needle, and pod-setting stage. Silicon alleviates Al toxicity in peanut plants in relation to Al distribution and allocation of tissue P, K, Ca, and Mg by favoring the partitioning of dry mass to roots.     

Trace Metal Contamination During Grinding of Plant Samples

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopic (ICP-MS) analysis of leaves from 22 cabbage crops in the Sa P? and B?c Hà districts of Láo Cai Province, North-Western Vi?t Nam, revealed unexpectedly high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The concentrations were strongly linearly related (r² = 0.94), indicating sample contamination during grinding through a stainless-steel hammer mill. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, brown rice ground through the same mill was contaminated not only by Cr and Ni, but also cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo). Second, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (SEM/EDS) of the ground samples revealed small fragments with co-located Fe, Cr and Ni, consistent with stainless steel wear fragments. Other grinders may perform differently and we suggest that quality assurance protocols for trace metal analysis of plants should include testing for grinder wear metals. Lastly, brown rice appears to be convenient for investigating contamination of plant tissues during grinding.     

模拟降雨条件下污染土壤中重金属元素径流迁移特征

探明污染土壤中重金属元素随地表径流迁移特征,对于防控重金属污染物的迁移扩散具有重要意义。通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下(55,100,120mm/h)污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr随地表径流迁移的特征。结果表明:径流中3种重金属元素总量在产流的前20min内逐渐降低,随后趋于稳定;产流初期(产流10min内)颗粒态重金属占径流重金属总量的比例均在80%以上;随产流时间延长,颗粒态Cd和Cr对径流重金属的贡献率快速降低,其颗粒态/溶解态的比值范围分别为47.0～0.4和12.9～0.4,而Pb则主要以颗粒态的形式存在,溶解态Pb对其随径流迁移的贡献率可忽略不计;随降雨强度增大,径流中总Cd和Pb含量显著降低,而径流中总Cr含量以及溶解态重金属含量无明显变化规律。     

Effects of humic acid on remediation of the nutritional deficiency of gerbera in hydroponic culture

Information is scant on the effect of humic acid (HA) on physiological, antioxidant and photosynthesis attributes of gerbera plants undergoing nutrient deficiency in culture solution. Gerbera plants cv. Malibu were grown in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, using 3 different nutrient solutions [complete nutrient solution (NSc), 25% NSc (NS1), and 50% NSc (NS2)] treated with 2 levels of humic acid [0 (HA0) and 500 mg/l (HA1)].The interaction effect of HA and NS showed that HA improved the flower number in NSc, the transpiration in NS1+HA1, photosynthesis rate in NSc+HA1, stomatal conductance (gs) in NS2, mesophyll conductance of leaves in all NS levels and photosynthetic water use efficiency in NSc+HA1. The interaction effect of nutrient solution and HA on antioxidant activity was inconclusive, malondialdehyde content was the highest in NS2 and the lowest in NS1+HA1. The peroxidase activity increased in complete nutrient solution with and without HA and there were no differences among other treatments. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in NS1 and complete nutrient solution with HA and reached the highest in NSc. Humic acid was more effective in nutrient uptake, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe) in complete nutrient solution compared to NS1 and NS2. Conclusively, humic acid can compensate the nutrient deficiency stress of the culture solution in regards to protein synthesis, photosynthesis attributes regardless of the nutrient uptake of gerbera.     

氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。     

Irrigation Module and Sowing Date Affect Seed Cotton Yield,Quality, Productivity Indices,and Economics of Cotton in North-western India

ABSTRACT

Delayed sowing and imprecise application of irrigation water to cotton has been the major hurdle in sustaining cotton yield in north-western India. Therefore, studies were initiated to ascertain the impact of heavy or normal level of presowing irrigation (PSI), scheduling time of first postsowing irrigation (POSI) under two sowing dates (SDs) on cotton arranged in a split block design replicated thrice. PSI_h (100 mm) recorded 23.2% higher seed cotton yield over PSI_n (70 mm) owing to better yield attributes and higher stand. First POSI at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted the highest yield (3072 kg ha^?1), while one at 6 WAS (POSI₆) recorded least due to poor population and reduced yield attributes. Water productivity under POSI₆ was lesser by 29.1%, 25.2%, and 16.2% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively. April sown crop out yielded the May sown cotton crop by 939 kg ha^?1 due to better yield attributes. Nitrogen factor productivity (NFP) among SD remained higher by 23.3% for April as compared to May sowing. PSI_h exhibited better NFP over PSI_n. POSI₆ recorded least NFP by 24.4%, 28.5%, and 16.3% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively and was indicative of relatively poor utilization of N under delayed schedules. Therefore, planting in April after heavy PSI and scheduling first POSI at 4 WAS is best strategy for sustaining cotton yield and maximizing farmer profitability.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Tolerance of Rosa multiflora cv. Burr to Bicarbonate in Irrigation Water

ABSTRACT

High bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?) of irrigation water can be detrimental to plant growth in sustainable horticultural production systems. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), ZAC-19, (composed of Glomus albidum, Glomus claroideum, and Glomus diaphanum) to enhance tolerance to HCO₃ ^? was tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized and non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM HCO₃ ^?. Increasing HCO₃ ^? concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)—reduced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and acid phosphatase activity, while increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO₃ ^?, as indicated by greater growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio), leaf elemental concentration [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), boron (B)], leaf chlorophyll concentration, higher mycorrhizal inoculation effect, lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity. While AMF colonization was reduced by increasing HCO₃ ^? concentration, colonization still occurred at high HCO₃ ^? concentration. At 2.5 mM HCO₃ ^?, AMF plant growth was comparable to plants at 0 mM HCO₃ ^?, further indicating the beneficial effect of AMF for alleviation of HCO₃ ^? plant stress.     

NH4+-K+ co-loaded clinoptilolite as a binary fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Understanding the potential of clinoptilolite (CLI) for adsorption of NH₄⁺ and K⁺, providing appropriate fertilizer formula, and evaluation of the produced zeolitic nutrient sources (ZNSs) to meet the plant need are the main objectives of this study. Three ZNSs (NH₄⁺-saturated, K⁺-saturated and dual-purpose NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI) were produced, assessed, and compared with commercial N and K fertilizers (CFs) on corn growth in a greenhouse. The results indicated that CLI can potentially adsorb both NH₄⁺ and K⁺ to the maximum values of 25.00 mg-NH₄⁺ g^?1 and 47.61 mg-K g^?1, respectively, and chemisorptions mainly followed the process of adsorption. Saturation of zeolite by NH₄⁺ and K⁺ occurred after 10 and 15 d which lead to ZNSs with 2% and 5% of N and K, respectively. NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI contained 1% N and 1% K. The greenhouse experiment showed no significant difference between ZNSs and CFs on plant growth. However, the application of both N and K in the form of zeolitic sources significantly increased the uptake of N by the plant. The highest uptake of K (2.05 g pot^?1) occurred in plants supplied with both natural zeolite and CFs. The present results may benefit the future utilization of ZNSs in environmental friendly farming practices.     

四种常规方法提取伊利石有效钾的机制比较

采用化学分析、X射线衍射、中红外光声光谱以及原子力显微镜的方法,比较了0.2 mol L~(-1)四苯硼钠法、1 mol L~(-1)沸硝酸法、2 mol L~(-1)冷硝酸法和2 mol L~(-1)热盐酸法浸提伊利石中有效钾的机制。结果表明,四苯硼钠法浸提时,伊利石中钾素释放量达到全钾量的59.5%,且基本均通过层间交换反应予以释放,结构离子铁、铝和硅释放量极低;采用三种酸溶液浸提时,其钾素释放量仅占全钾量的1.53%~2.46%,通过层间交换反应释放的钾量占释放量的比例为88.4%~94.0%。四苯硼钠浸提时伊利石层间距扩大,产生次生过渡矿物,并形成富硅表层,但在伊利石表面无溶蚀特征;三种酸溶液浸提时伊利石结构无改变,但其结晶度降低,且表面有明显的溶蚀特征。因此,土壤矿物层间钾是作物可利用有效钾的主要来源,三种酸溶液浸提方法一方面低估了有效钾容量,另一方面提取了一部分不能为植物所利用的结构态钾,不适宜于用来评价伊利石及土壤有效钾库容量。     

氨甲喋呤(MTX)的直接碘标记方法研究

本文报道了~125I(~131I)抗肿瘤药物氨甲喋呤的制备方法,用直接碘化法——NBS、ChT、Iodogen进行标记,并对这几种方法进行了比较。结果表明,NBS法最好,标记率达90—99％。经Sephadex G-75柱凝胶过滤后得到纯产品,放化纯度为95.4％。所制得的标记产品适用于示踪研究。