一种新出现的雏鹅病--鹅出血性坏死性肝炎的研究

鹅出血性坏死性肝炎是由呼肠孤病毒科、正呼肠孤病毒属、禽呼肠孤病毒、鹅呼肠孤病毒所致的一种新出现的小鹅疫病。肝、脾、肾、胰等器官坏死灶为本病特征性的病变。在发育鹅胚等禽胚复制并致死胚胎。本病的出现又增添一种新鹅病，已对养鹅业造成一定的损失和影响。     

一株雏鹅呼肠孤病毒的分离与鉴定

2013年福建省某鹅场发生一起以肝脏和脾脏均有灰白坏死点(肝白点)为典型病变特征的急性传染病。本研究利用10日龄非免疫番鸭胚,从病死雏鹅肝脏中分离到1株病毒。病毒分离株没有血凝活性,其ELD50为10-3.25/0.2 m L,可被鹅呼肠孤病毒高免血清特异性中和。利用鹅呼肠孤病毒特异性检测引物对FJ-06株病毒尿囊液进行RT-PCR检测,可扩增到约572 bp特异性目的条带。将RT-PCR产物进行克隆测序,Blast分析表明,克隆的基因片段为鹅呼肠孤病毒δC蛋白基因片段。结果表明成功分离到1株鹅呼肠孤病毒。     

一例鹅呼肠孤病毒病的实验室检测

通过对疑似感染鹅呼肠孤病毒的病鹅进行实验室检测,有利于对该病的早期确诊,及时采取防控措施。取有典型病理变化的病鹅肝或脾脏组织,采用RT-PCR检测鹅呼肠孤病毒和禽流感病毒,采用I群禽腺病毒通用型二温式PCR方法检测腺病毒,对呼肠孤病毒阳性者进行病毒扩增片段测序。结果鹅呼肠孤病毒测序结果为阳性。I群禽腺病毒和禽流感病毒检测无特异性条带,为阴性。本病例确诊为鹅新型呼肠孤病毒感染。     

一株鹅源呼肠孤病毒的分离与鉴定

一株从雏鹅肝脾脏病料中分离到的病毒，在电镜下观察到病毒粒子呈球形，无囊膜，有可见的双层衣壳结构，外壳直径75nm，内核直径50nm；经病毒分离培养、理化特性鉴定、动物回归试验、抗体检测，确定所分离到的毒株为呼肠孤病毒科正呼肠孤病毒属鹅呼肠孤病毒。     

灭活苗治疗鹅出血性坏死性肝炎的病例

鹅出血性坏死性肝炎病源为鹅呼肠孤病毒,常发生于1周龄至10周龄的雏鹅和仔鹅,最早发生于10日龄左右雏鹅,最晚发生于10周龄仔     

鹅呼肠孤病毒GRV1株分离鉴定及其σC基因特征性分析

从患运动障碍的雏鹅肝脏和脾脏分离到一株鹅源呼肠孤病毒,该病毒经琼脂扩试验可与番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MuscovyDuckReovirus,MDRV)的抗血清发生交叉反应,推测其为呼肠孤病毒,命名为GRV1。参考GenBank禽呼肠孤病毒(AvianReovirus,ARV)和番鸭呼肠孤病毒小外壳蛋白(minorcoreprotein)σC蛋白基因序列设计合成了一对引物,病毒RNA经RT-PCR扩增,产物为810bp,与预期的目的片断大小一致,测序结果表明σC基因在280～1089区间是一个开放性阅读框架,编码269个氨基酸的蛋白,GC含量为49.88%,等电点为6.497,分子量为29.4Ku。核苷酸序列经DNAStar(6.0)软件分析,与法国番鸭呼肠孤病毒89026株核苷酸同源率为93.0%,与鸡呼肠孤病毒σC基因同源率仅为21%～25%,同源性分析表明鹅呼肠孤病毒与番鸭呼肠孤病毒可能来自同一祖先,建议将鹅呼肠孤病毒连同番鸭呼肠孤病毒归属为正呼肠孤病毒属第二个亚群中不同于禽和内尔森贝海湾呼肠病毒的独立基因群。由蛋白质分析软件Anthepro5.0和MultiCoil软件分析表明,抗原区多位于N末端,没有跨膜区,σC为三股螺旋结构,这是我国第一次在鹅体内分离到呼肠孤病毒,同时也是第一次在数据库中提供σC的序列。     

番鸭"花肝病"病原的研究

文章对番鸭"花肝病"病原进行了研究,证实病原为番鸭呼肠孤病毒。该病毒大小为50nm-70nm左右,圆形,无囊膜;雏番鸭人工感染该病毒后可出现和自然病例相同的临床症状和病理变化,并能回收到病毒,鸡、麻鸭人工感染不发病;该病毒不凝集鸡、鸭的红细胞,能够在鸡胚、番鸭胚成纤维细胞上增殖并出现明显的细胞病变;核酸类型为RNA,琼扩试验表明与禽呼肠孤病毒有血清学交叉反应。     

鹅出血性坏死性肝炎

该病的病原为呼肠孤病毒科，正呼肠孤病毒属，禽呼肠孤病毒，鹅呼肠孤病毒。禽呼肠孤病毒已对鸡、火鸡，番鸭，鹅、半番鸭、蛋鸭、肉鸭等禽类致病。除了引起死亡外，总体生产性能低下，大大降低了禽类的经济价值，是值得引起高度重视的禽类病毒性传染病，是新出现的一种鹅病毒性传染病，它将极大危害养鹅业健康发展。     

雏半番鸭呼肠孤病毒的致病性

从鸭体、禽胚和细胞 3个方面探讨了雏半番鸭呼肠孤病毒 FZ2 株的致病性。经试验表明 ,在实验室条件下 ,该株病毒可导致雏番鸭、雏半番鸭发病、死亡 ,对雏番鸭的致死率为 14 .3%～ 4 1.7% ,对雏半番鸭的致死率高达 38.5 % ,且死亡鸭表现出与自然感染呼肠孤病毒病死的雏番鸭、雏半番鸭相同的病变 ;人工感染幸存鸭大多生长发育明显受阻。该株病毒经尿囊腔途径接种 ,对番鸭胚、半番鸭胚、北京鸭胚、SPF鸡胚的致死率分别为 10 0 %、96 %、2 8%和 0 ,致死鸭胚的肝脏、脾脏表面见白色坏死点。经蛋传试验表明 ,该株病毒有可能经胚蛋垂直传染。以该株病毒在番鸭胚成纤维细胞 (MDEF)上连续传接 10代 ,结果细胞病变 (CPE)仍不明显 ,表明其不易适应 MDEF。由此可见 ,该株雏半番鸭源呼肠孤病毒具有较强的致病力     

自家组织灭活苗治疗鹅出血性坏死性肝炎

鹅出血性坏死性肝炎病原为鹅呼肠孤病毒，常发生于1-10周龄的雏鹅和仔鹅，最早发生于约10日龄雏鹅，最晚发生于10周龄仔鹅，2—4周龄雏鹅多发。一般多表现为运动失调、跛行和体重下降等症状。笔者采用自家组织灭活苗治疗该病，收到较好的治疗效果，现介绍如下。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.