甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中几项技术改进

以大田种植的2个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种为供体材料,对游离小孢子培养的合适时期、加倍方法、再生苗的继代与移栽技术进行了研究.结果表明:小孢子培养的最佳时期为初花期前后2周左右,游离小孢子经过含有50mg/L或75mg/L秋水仙碱的NLN-16培养基直接处理48h效果最好,其产胚率和加倍效率均显著高于未加秋水仙碱的对照.在固体B5培养基中加入4.5mg/L多效唑并补充液体B5-3培养基,再生苗可不需继代.在固体B5培养基或者补充养分的液体B5-3培养基中加入低浓度的0.5mg/L NAA 0.1mg/L 6-BA,直接移栽到大田的再生苗成活率可以达到90%以上.     

采用甘蓝型油菜离体小孢子染色体加倍来提高双单倍体植株的生产效率

该文比较了甘蓝型油菜小孢子产生植株染色体加倍的三种方法；秋水仙碱处理小孢子再生植株，秋水仙碱处理小孢子诱导的胚和秋水仙碱处理离体小孢子。处理整株，有５３％的处理植株结实，但植株生长迟缓，结实率下降。用秋水仙碱处理小孢子诱导胚，植株加倍率为３２％。秋水仙碱直接处理离体小孢子可使７０％的植株整体加倍，同时还刺激了培养小孢子的胚胎发生，从而提高植株再生率。     

亚麻花药培养高频率的植株再生

本文主要研究亚麻花药培养的诱导培养基组成成份的效果，目的是提高愈伤组织的诱导：和植株再生的效率。花药接种于改良的MS培养基上(培养基添加了五种不同配比的植物激素)。培养基中含有2mg／L2．4-D和1mg／LBAP比相同成分培养基中含有1mg／LNAA和2mg/L6-BA(CK)，愈伤组织再生苗的百分率及总的植株再生频率有显著提高。在五个处理的盐酸硫胺素的实验中，改良的MS培养基含有10mg／L盐酸硫胺素比含有2．4mg/L盐酸硫胺素愈伤组织再生苗的百分率及总的植株再生频率显著提高。在麦芽糖的五个处理中以培养基中含有6％或9％的麦芽糖，总的植株再生频率最高。蔗糖的浓度主要影响愈伤组织再生苗的百分率，总的植株再生效率、花粉植株的频率以及花粉植株染色体自然加倍的频率。本研究获得的单倍体品系已被应用于育种程序中。     

亚麻花药培养高频率的植株再生

本文主要研究亚麻花药培养的诱导培养基组成成份的效果,目的是提高愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生的效率.花药接种于改良的MS培养基上(培养基添加了五种不同配比的植物激素).培养基中含有2mg/L2.4-D和1mg/LBAP比相同成分培养基中含有1mg/LNAA和2mg/L6-BA(CK),愈伤组织再生苗的百分率及总的植株再生频率有显著提高.在五个处理的盐酸硫胺素的实验中,改良的MS培养基含有10mg/L盐酸硫胺素比含有2.4mg/L盐酸硫胺素愈伤组织再生苗的百分率及总的植株再生频率显著提高.在麦芽糖的五个处理中以培养基中含有6%或9%的麦芽糖,总的植株再生频率最高.蔗糖的浓度主要影响愈伤组织再生苗的百分率,总的植株再生效率、花粉植株的频率以及花粉植株染色体自然加倍的频率.本研究获得的单倍体品系已被应用于育种程序中.     

秋水仙碱对芸薹属三种单倍体染色体加倍效率

采用浸根、1g/L秋水仙碱滴生长点、含100mg/L的秋水仙碱培养基处理芸薹属三种单倍体无性系幼芽,诱导染色体加倍。根据处理后材料的田间表型、花粉育性和细胞学检测结果发现,各处理的染色体加倍效率存在显著性差异,其中培养基处理幼芽的加倍效率最高,达到50.75%;浸根和滴生长点的处理加倍效率分别为44.07%和17.54%。     

秋水仙碱对芸薹属三种不同单倍体染色体加倍效率的研究

本研究采用浸根,0.10%秋水仙碱滴生长点、含100mg/L的秋水仙碱培养基处理芸薹属三种单倍体无性系幼芽,诱导染色体加倍。根据处理后材料的田间表型、花粉育性和细胞学检测结果发现,各处理的染色体加倍效率存在显著性差异,其中培养基处理幼芽的加倍效率最高,达到50.75%;浸根和滴生长点的处理加倍效率分别为44.07%和17.54%。     

单倍体籼稻无性系微芽的离体调控

 以籼稻单倍体无性系微芽为材料,研究了激素及秋水仙碱等处理对籼稻单倍体微芽的诱导、分化、扩增及加倍的影响。2 mg/L的2,4-D可提高籼稻单倍体微芽的培养力。NAA对籼稻单倍体微芽的扩增有明显影响,0.5 mg/L的NAA可成倍扩增微芽,培养35 d后,其芽数比原始芽数增加了46.21倍,比不加NAA的对照增加了2.8倍,且单芽重仅0.079 mg。籼稻单倍体微芽扩增的适宜培养基为：N6附加MET 2.5 mg/L、NAA 0.5 mg/L、6-BA 2 mg/L。500 mg/L秋水仙碱溶液处理籼稻单倍体微芽48 h,其二倍体得率较高,绿苗率及二倍体率分别为42.9%和60.0%;秋水仙碱处理愈伤组织的效果不佳,虽然提高秋水仙碱处理浓度可提高二倍体率,最高可达100%,但由于绿苗分化率下降,使总的二倍体得苗率比不处理的对照低。     

秋水仙素对小麦小孢子胚胎发生产生双单倍体植株的直接影响

研究了不同的染色体加倍技术对来源于小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)(品种为Ciano)小孢子的单倍体加倍的效果。除了常规的处理(将整个植株浸于秋水仙素溶液)方法外,还检测了自发加倍的单倍体。将不同浓度(0.01%,0.02%,0.04%)的秋水仙素直接加入诱导培养基作为实验处理。秋水仙素不影响花药反应或植株再生能力。根据再生植株(R_0)及其后代(R_1)的育性评价了染色体组加倍的效果及其稳定性。在小孢子第1次有丝分裂之前用秋水仙素进行染色体加倍比常规加倍技术明显有效。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子离体培养条件改良

应用低含油量甘蓝型油菜品系1064与高含油量品系H105杂种F1花蕾进行小孢子培养,研究了两个种植地点的油菜小孢子产胚率的影响。对长度在0.4cm～0.6cm,0.6cm～0.8cm以及0.8cm以上的胚分别培养,并比较了秋水仙碱悬浮处理离体小孢子、浸根和滴芽3种染色体加倍方法的加倍效率。结果表明,种植在西宁的材料小孢子产胚率比南京高,为8.6枚/皿;0.6cm～0.8cm大的胚转接到B5固体培养基,其成苗率高达48.53%;3种加倍处理方法中以50mg/L秋水仙碱悬浮小孢子48h染色体加倍效率最高,达到46.23%。本研究构建了含有123个株系的DH群体,可用于油菜含油量性状的QTL分析。     

双单倍体马铃薯染色体加倍的方法

本试验研究了马铃薯双单倍体(双单倍体是由四倍体栽培种花药培养产生的)植株加倍的两种方法。第一种方法:在MS培养基内附加NAA 0.1mg/1,而后加入秋水仙素0.2mg/l,用马铃薯双单倍体植株切断接种。经过40天培养,获得了加倍的四倍体植株,加倍频率为63.6%。第二种方法:将马铃薯双单倍体植株的茎,接种在含有2.4-D 1mg/l,萘乙酸0.025mg/l,KT 2mg/l的MS培养基上,在产生愈伤组织后诱导出再生四倍体植株,加倍频率为22.3%。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究,并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带,其中有37条多态带,多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果,在遗传距离为0.35时,12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类,第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体;第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体;第3类为浙江、广东种源个体;第4类为江西、福建种源个体;第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。