11种杀菌剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌的毒力测定

由镰孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum falcatum Went.)引起的甘蔗赤腐病是甘蔗上最具毁灭性的病害之一,在病害流行季节能导致严重的产量损失。为了解甘蔗赤腐病原对杀菌剂的敏感性,本研究测定了11种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力。结果表明,11种杀菌剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌的毒力存在明显差异。其中,戊唑醇、丙环唑、咪酰胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵等5种药剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌菌丝体生长具有较好的抑制作用,EC50值介于0.227～0.818 μg/mL。其对应EC95值也都小于12 μg/mL,介于1.416～11.339 μg/mL。就敏感性而言,4株赤腐病菌菌株对多菌灵的b值在11种杀菌剂中均为最大。由此表明,甘蔗赤腐病菌对多菌灵的剂量反应变化比其它几种杀菌剂均要敏感。     

甘蔗赤腐病菌生物学特性研究

对采集的甘蔗赤腐病典型病叶进行了病原菌的分离与鉴定,进而对该病菌进行了致病性及基础生物学特性测试.结果表明:甘蔗赤腐病由Colletotrichum falcatum引起;生物学特性结果表明,该菌在燕麦片和Richards培养基生长最好;菌丝体生长最适温度为25 ～30℃;适宜pH 6～8;而光照条件对病原菌的生长影响并不明显:该菌分生孢子的致死温度为60℃,10 min.本研究为甘蔗赤腐病的合理预测和科学防治提供了理论依据.     

甘蔗赤腐病菌变异及甘蔗抗病性研究进展

由镰孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum falcatum Went)引起的甘蔗赤腐病是导致甘蔗严重损失的重要真菌病害之一,通常被称为甘蔗的"癌症",造成云南临沧、孟连、石屏多片蔗区甘蔗成片死亡,已由次要病害上升为主要病害。由于该病原菌频繁变异导致防控困难,目前对该病害药剂防控效果不理想,仍无有效、彻底的根治措施,甘蔗赤腐病菌变异研究及甘蔗抗病研究是实现病害持久可持续控制的必由之路,本文结合国内外最新研究,重点从甘蔗赤腐病菌形态变异、致病性变异、分子变异分析了甘蔗赤腐病菌遗传变异,论述了甘蔗赤腐病快速分子检测技术及甘蔗品种抗病性、诱导抗病性等分子研究进展;并就深入开展甘蔗赤腐病防控、群体遗传结构和抗性基因挖掘研究进行展望,以期为我国甘蔗赤腐病的研究和防控提供理论依据。     

广东花生黑腐病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂的室内毒力测定

花生黑腐病是花生的重要病害,对生产造成严重影响,被列为我国进境植物检疫性病害。为明确花生黑腐病的病原菌种类和筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对花生黑腐病害进行了病原菌鉴定,同时采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对花生黑腐病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：花生黑腐病害的病原菌为冬青丽赤壳Calonectria iliciola。8种杀菌剂室内毒力测定结果显示,10%戊唑醇EC对花生黑腐病菌的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为1.12 μg/mL;300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑EC、29%吡萘嘧菌酯SC、25%咯菌腈SC、15%吡唑嘧菌酯SC和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对花生黑腐病菌也有较好的抑制作用,EC₅₀均低于10 μg/mL;30%精甲恶霉灵的抑制作用最差,EC₅₀值为76.71 μg/mL。以上研究结果可为花生黑腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

甘蔗环斑病菌鉴定及其生物学特性分析

甘蔗环斑病是甘蔗较为常见的一种真菌性病害。针对海南昌江十月田甘蔗种植地出现一种严重危害疑似环斑病的叶斑病,本文通过对其病原菌的形态学特征观察,并结合ITS序列系统聚类分析,将叶斑病病菌鉴定为引起环斑病的甘蔗小球腔菌Leptosphaeria sacchari。生物学特性分析结果表明:适宜该菌生长的温度为13~30℃,最适温度为25℃;适宜菌丝体生长的p H为4~11,最适p H为5,全黑暗有利于菌丝体的生长;适宜生长的碳源为麦芽糖和葡萄糖、氮源为硝酸钠和L-丝氨酸。采用生长速率法对6种杀菌剂敏感性进行了测定,结果揭示咪鲜胺、丙环唑、多菌灵、腈菌唑等4种药剂对甘蔗环斑病菌具有显著的抑制效果,其EC50值分别为0.397 6、2.251 9、2.163 4、4.827 3μg/m L。     

翡翠景天黑腐病菌山扁豆生棒孢生物学特性及室内药剂筛选

为明确多肉植物翡翠景天黑腐病病原菌山扁豆生棒孢(Corynespora cassiicola)的生物学特性，分别测定温度、pH、光照条件和碳、氮源对菌丝生长的影响，以及通过测定6种杀菌剂对该病原菌的室内毒力，筛选出高效安全的杀菌剂。结果表明：该病原菌的菌丝生长最适温度为30℃，最适pH为7，光照有利于菌丝生长，最适碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和蛋白胨。室内毒力测定结果表明，6种杀菌剂对翡翠景天黑腐病病原菌的毒力差异较大，其中氯氟醚菌唑的毒力最强，EC₅₀为0.0129 mg/L；其次为咪鲜胺，EC₅₀为0.0135 mg/L；苯醚甲环唑和咯菌腈的EC₅₀分别为0.0273 mg/L和0.0296 mg/L；吡唑醚菌酯的毒力一般，EC₅₀为0.0768 mg/L；多菌灵的毒力最弱，EC₅₀为0.9353 mg/L。掌握山扁豆生棒孢的生物学特性和筛选出室内具有良好毒力效果的药剂，可为多肉植物翡翠景天的栽培及其黑腐病的综合防治提供理论支撑和指导依据。     

铝盐絮凝胶清的研究

采用菌丝生长速率法测定19种杀菌剂对火龙果革节孢属病菌(Scytalidium sp.)的室内毒力。结果表明,有10种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用;对该10种杀菌剂EC50值和毒力回归方程中斜率比较分析认为,腈菌唑的毒力效果最好,其次为丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺及咪鲜胺锰盐4种杀菌剂,异菌脲、氟硅唑＋恶唑菌酮、多菌灵3种杀菌剂抑菌能力也较强。以上8种杀菌剂均可作为防治火龙果革节孢属病菌的有效药剂。     

黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒力类型分布及品种抗性评价

对2008～2009年从黑龙江北部、东部、中部、南部等大豆产区采集的典型大豆疫霉根腐病株和病土进行分离纯化,得到64个大豆疫霉菌株;用国际上通用的一套鉴别寄主进行毒力测定,将病原菌划分为10个毒力类型,在不同来源的发病样本范围内明确了不同菌株的毒力类型和分布.用下胚轴创伤接种方法鉴定了73个大豆品种对不同大豆疫霉根腐病菌菌株的抗性反应,结果有29个品种抗4个以上大豆疫霉根腐病菌株,占鉴定总数的39.7%;在被鉴定的新品系中抗性表现最好的是07-1-1,它对1、3、11、21、24分离物均表现为抗病.     

杂交竹枯萎病菌室内药剂筛选

为了筛选出适合大田使用的高防效低成本的药剂来防治杂交竹枯萎病菌,采用菌丝生长速率法和抑制孢子萌发法对13种农药进行室内毒力测定并对测定结果进行综合分析,结果显示参试药剂中A、C、 D、G、H、I、K和M等对杂交竹枯萎病菌有较强的抑制作用,为今后杂交竹枯萎病大田药效试验提供一定的理论依据。     

咖啡炭疽病菌生物学特性及其毒力测定

根据形态及ITS序列对咖啡炭疽菌进行了鉴定，其次通过菌丝体生长速率法测定了咖啡炭疽病菌的生物学特性及其毒力。生物学特性测定结果表明：菌丝体生长最适合的温度为28～30℃，pH为7～8。赖氨酸和L-甘氨酸有利于菌丝体的生长，光照及碳源对菌落生长影响则不明显。室内毒力测定结果表明：97.5%腈菌唑对咖啡炭疽病菌的抑菌效果最好，其EC50为30.79 μg/mL；其次为95%粉锈宁，其EC50为216.30 μg/mL；接着为97.2%百菌清和98%抑霉唑，其EC50分别为305.61、360.77 μg/mL。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。