莫能菌泰对奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究莫能菌素对奶牛产奶性能的影响。将24头泌乳后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组．试验组舀粮中添加300g/d·头的莫能菌素。结果表明：在炎热的夏季，莫能菌素可提高奶牛的采食量，且奶牛产奶量比试验前提高了1．24％，比对照提高了15．91％，具有可观的经济效益；但对乳蛋白和乳糖的影响效果不显著。     

日粮中添加莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能及养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能和养分消化率的影响。选取泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用重复4×4拉丁方试验设计,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮(A组),试验组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加300 (B组)、400 (C组)、500 (D组)mg/(头·d)莫能菌素。试验分为4期,每期28 d (7 d预饲期,21 d正饲期)。结果表明,日粮中添加莫能菌素可以提高泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳糖率,降低乳脂率,其中C组和D组的平均日产奶量分别较对照组提高4.08%和4.57%(P < 0.05),D组的乳糖率较对照组提高1.99% (P < 0.05),D组的乳脂率较对照组降低7.45% (P < 0.05),但对4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳中非脂固型物(SNF)比例和乳蛋白率的影响不显著(P > 0.05)。莫能菌素会提高奶牛的体增重(BWG)及粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率,其中D组的BWG较对照组提高34.62% (P < 0.05),3个试验组的CP消化率分别较对照组提高3.73%、4.35%和5.35% (P < 0.01),D组的NDF和ADF消化率分别较对照组提高7.24%和9.08% (P < 0.05),另外,莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛的粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的消化率及干物质采食量(DMI)影响不显著(P > 0.05)。综上所述,在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加莫能菌素可以促进奶牛机体代谢,提高奶牛养分消化率和经济效益,其适宜添加量为400~500 mg/(头·d)。     

三种药物防治奶牛球虫病试验

目的为考察现有抗球虫药物对奶牛球虫病的防治效果。方法选用应用较广的3种抗球虫药物(地克珠利、拉沙里菌素、莫能菌素)对1~6月龄球虫感染阳性奶牛进行防治试验。将34头球虫感染阳性奶牛分为4组,地克珠利组9头,按体重0.5 mg/kg.BW每天口服1次;拉沙里菌素组9头,按360 mg/头每天口服1次;莫能菌素组8头,按1 mg/kg.BW每天口服1次;不用药物对照组8头。连续用药10d,停药后再观测10 d,每3 d直肠采集粪便检测球虫1次,以每克粪便球虫卵囊数(OGP)为试验指标。结果用药9 d后的OPG与用药前相比,地克珠利组下降了78.9%,拉沙里菌素组下降了80.92%,莫能菌素组下降了98.81%。停药3~6 d后,地克珠利和拉沙里菌素组的OPG上升较快,而莫能菌素组的OPG保持较低水平。结论3种抗球虫药对奶牛球虫病均有防治效果,其中莫能菌素最好,拉沙里菌素和地克珠利次之。     

瘤胃保护性胆碱和莫能菌素对围产期奶牛产奶量和代谢的影响

在奶牛围产期添加胆碱和莫能菌素，分别能在奶牛的脂肪代谢和改善能量平衡方面起到辅助作用。加拿大圭尔夫大学的Zahra等进行了一项测定围产期奶牛添加瘤胃保护性胆碱（RPC）和莫能菌素缓释胶囊（CRC）对其代谢、DMI、产奶量以及肝功能影响的试验。将182头荷斯坦奶牛在预产期前3周随机进行如下处理：④添加莫能菌素缓释胶囊（CRC）；     

日粮营养水平和添加莫能菌素对肉牛生产性能的影响

通过饲养试验来研究不同营养水平和是否添加莫能菌素对宁夏地区西门塔尔杂交阉牛增重效果和经济效益的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,高精粗比(67:33)组和添加200 mg/(头.d)莫能菌素组的平均日增重提高65.18%和37.5%(P<0.05);料肉比降低33.29%和20.58%,显著提高经济效益。     

饲粮中添加莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

选取泌乳期奶牛12头,采用重复4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(A组),试验组分别在基础饲粮的基础上添加300(B组)、400(C组)、500(D组)mg/(头·d)莫能菌素,探讨饲粮中添加不同水平的莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵相关参数的影响。结果表明,饲粮中添加莫能菌素可提高瘤胃液pH值,显著降低瘤胃液微生物蛋白(MCP)、总挥发性脂肪酸(T-VFA)、乙酸含量以及乙酸/丙酸的值,增加丙酸含量(P0.05),对氨态氮(NH3-N)和丁酸没有显著性影响(P0.05);C组较对照组T-VFA和乙酸的降低程度最大,分别降低了22.71%和28.59%(P0.05);D组的MCP和乙酸/丙酸值较对照组降低程度最大,分别降低了33.99%和31.15%(P0.05;D组中丙酸的含量增加最多为9.63%(P0.05)。综上所述,奶牛饲喂400~500mg/(头·d)的莫能菌素更有利于促进瘤胃内丙酸型发酵。     

饲喂莫能菌素对泌乳奶牛甲烷产生量的长期影响

加拿大安大略省的Odongo等学者研究了饲喂莫能菌素对泌乳奶牛甲烷产生量的长期影响。试验将24头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛拴系饲养,采用完全随机设计,按照配对比较进行。按产     

补饲莫能菌素对饲喂苜蓿青贮奶牛生产性能的影响

Broderick( 2003年)对48头饲喂苜蓿青贮的经产泌乳母牛补饲低水平的莫能菌素,研究其对氮利用的影响。试验奶牛的基础日粮为: 56%的苜蓿青贮、39%的高湿度粉碎玉米、的豆粕、的粉碎 3% 1%玉米、的维生素和矿物质添加剂(均以干物质为 1%基础)。头试验牛按产奶天数分为4组,并随机饲 48喂以下4种日粮的1种,为期10周: 对照(基础 ①日粮);②基础日粮+3%鱼粉(替代高湿度粉碎玉米); 莫能菌素( ③ 10m g/kg D M ); 莫能菌素+3% ④鱼粉。其中,日粮①和③的粗蛋白含量为16.7%,日粮②和④…     

饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响

本研究旨在探究饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响.选用3头体重为(460.0±20.6)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮添加20 mg/d海南霉素和350 mg/d莫能菌素的试验饲粮.结果表明:饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素没有显著影响瘤胃液pH和丁酸含量(P＞0.05),但显著降低了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸和氨态氮浓度(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组丙酸含量分别提高了16.26％和15.79％(P ＜0.01).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素显著降低了尿囊素排出量、尿嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物氮产量(P＜0.05).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素也降低了粪氮量和尿氮量(P＜0.05),提高了沉积氮量(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组的表观氮消化率分别提高了5.61％和7.05％(P =0.03).总之,与莫能菌素相似,饲粮添加海南霉素可以改变瘤胃发酵模式,使其更趋向于丙酸型发酵,并且能够提高氮利用效率.     

莫能菌素添加剂对牛饲养效果的影响

1　材料与方法1.1　试验动物试验选择 8～ 10月龄、体重为 2 0 0～ 2 5 0ｋｇ的健康后备奶牛 5 5头。1.2　试验分组及时间试验分为 5组 :即对照组 ,每头牛日喂海正 2 0 %莫能菌素 75 0ｍｇ组 ,日喂海正 2 0 %莫能菌素 10 0 0ｍｇ组和日喂海正 2 0 %莫能菌素 12 5 0ｍｇ组以及进口 2 0 %莫能菌素10 0 0ｍｇ组。试验动物随机均分为 5组 ,每组 11头牛 ,各组体重基本一致。按试验要求 ,将各组添加的 2 0 %莫能菌素分别均匀拌入精料中 ,每日早、晚 2次饲喂。试验于 2 0 0 1年 6月 6日至 7月 2 2日在杭州正兴牧业有限公司进行。试验期共 4 6ｄ。1.…     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.