余甘子果汁加工工艺优化及理化性质分析

为研制余甘子果汁饮料,以余甘子果实为试材,采用单因素和正交试验优化余甘子果汁加工工艺。结果表明,余甘子果汁最佳工艺参数为：料液比（果肉与水质量比）1∶2（g/g）,甜菊糖苷添加量0.080 g/100 g,果胶酶添加量0.03 g/100 g,均质时间60 s,采用该工艺制得的余甘子果汁感官评分最高（88.07分）,单宁含量2.39 mg/L,可溶性固形物含量13.37%,没食子酸含量1.401 mg/mL。饮料菌落总数、大肠菌群数、霉菌菌落数均符合国家标准。果汁颜色呈淡黄色,无明显沉淀,带有余甘子的清香,并可保留余甘子特有的回甘特性和风味,口感醇厚,酸涩味不明显。     

复合山楂果粉加工工艺研究

以山楂为原料,以山楂果粉VC和水分含量为考察指标,筛选出制作山楂果粉的最佳干燥方法;同时在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化了复合山楂果粉的最佳配方。结果表明,山楂果粉以真空冷冻干燥制品中VC含量最高,达55.75 mg/100 g,喷雾干燥山楂果粉水分含量最低,为3.13%;复合山楂果粉的最佳配方为:山楂200 g、红枣35 g、白砂糖5 g、复合酸0.3 g、麦芽糊精30 g,该配方制得的山楂果粉呈淡玫瑰红色、酸甜可口、风味较好。     

草莓片真空冷冻干燥工艺研究

以隋珠草莓为材料,探索草莓片的真空冷冻干燥工艺。通过单因素试验,考查了草莓片预冻过程和真空冷冻干燥过程中影响产品品质的主要因素;通过正交试验确定了草莓片的最佳冻干工艺参数。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下(预冻条件-35℃,2 h。冻干条件-25℃,10 h;-5℃,10 h;15℃,11 h;40℃,10 h。)得到的草莓冻干片水分含量为3.8%,满足冻干品含水率在5%以下的要求;复水率可达264.5%;维C含量为531 mg/100 g (新鲜草莓的维C含量一般为47 mg/100 g)。冻干草莓片颜色饱满,接近草莓天然颜色,香味浓郁,形状无变化,口感松软但有一定硬度。     

野生接骨木果含片的制备及其抗氧化、抗运动疲劳作用研究

为制备一款口感适宜且具有抗氧化和抗疲劳作用的接骨木果含片,以野生接骨木果粉为原料,通过响应面试验优化接骨木果含片制备工艺;以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力和铁离子还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）作为评价其抗氧化能力的指标;通过测定小鼠游泳时间,分析血糖、肝糖原、肌糖原、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、尿素氮（BUN）和乳酸（LA）含量变化来评价其抗疲劳作用。结果表明：接骨木果粉添加量61%、木糖醇添加量8%和柠檬酸添加量5%时,接骨木果含片的感官评分达到90.32分,其花色苷含量为1.52 mg/g;接骨木果含片的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力和FRAP值分别为73.83 μg TE/g、43.50 μg TE/g和16.27 μmol Fe(Ⅱ)/g,表现出良好的抗氧化能力;接骨木果含片干预后,延长了小鼠的游泳时长,提高了小鼠的血糖、肝糖原、肌糖原、SOD和ATP的含量,降低了小鼠体内BUN和LA水平,表明接骨木果含片具有较高的抗疲劳能力。该研究为野生接骨木果的高值化利用、扩大其应用提供了理论依据。     

山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料的研制

通过在苹果醋中添加山楂汁、决明子汁、木糖醇、柠檬酸,开发一种复合型饮料。以感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验结合正交试验筛选最优配方。结果表明,复合饮料最佳配方为：以苹果醋为基液,山楂汁添加量20%,决明子汁添加量15%,木糖醇添加量10 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.15 g/L;按该配方制备的山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料,色泽透亮、口感纯正、酸甜可口、具有山楂和苹果特有的果香味;蛋白质含量为8.6 mg/100 mL,总酸含量为5.9 g/100 mL,总糖含量为3.6 mg/100 mL,微生物指标检测结果符合相关国家标准。     

鼠曲草黄酮饮料的研制

以鼠曲草为原料,采用水提法提取鼠曲草中的黄酮类物质,再将鼠曲草水提液、柠檬酸、白砂糖、羧甲基纤维素钠进行调配,制作鼠曲草黄酮饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验分别对鼠曲草黄酮水浸提工艺及鼠曲草黄酮饮料配方进行优化。结果表明,鼠曲草黄酮的最佳浸提工艺为：浸提料液比1∶130(g/mL),浸泡时间30 min,提取时间2.5 h,浸提温度80℃;鼠曲草黄酮饮料最佳配方为：以100 m L饮料计,鼠曲草水提液添加量40 mL,白砂糖添加量9 g,柠檬酸添加量0.05 g,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.05 g。按此配方制备的饮料可溶性固形物含量8.39%,总黄酮含量6.56 mg/100 mL。按上述工艺配方制备的鼠曲草黄酮饮料呈青绿色,具有鼠曲草的清香,酸甜适口。     

热风干燥与真空冷冻干燥对鲜冬枣脆片品质的影响

以鲜冬枣为原料,通过分析干燥后鲜冬枣的得率、含水率、复水比、复水率、色泽和VC含量等指标,比较热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥对鲜冬枣脆片品质的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥鲜冬枣脆片得率和含水率均低于热风干燥;真空冷冻干燥鲜冬枣脆片VC含量为580 mg/100 g,而热风干燥鲜冬枣脆片VC含量为97.6 mg/100 g,后者VC损失比较严重,真空冷冻干燥可较好地保留鲜冬枣中的VC。     

蓝莓微波真空干燥特性及工艺研究

采用微波真空干燥法制备蓝莓粉,以蓝莓粉中花青素含量、感官评分和色差值为评价指标,研究微波功率、真空压强和麦芽糊精添加量对蓝莓干燥特性及产品品质的影响.通过单因素和响应面试验,得出影响蓝莓粉品质各因素的主次顺序为:真空压强＞微波功率＞麦芽糊精添加量,其中微波功率和真空压强的交互作用显著;微波真空干燥法制备蓝莓粉的最优工艺条件为:微波功率660 W,真空压强70 kPa,麦芽糊精添加量24％;在此最佳参数下,蓝莓粉中花青素含量为7.953 mg/g,与冻干蓝莓粉的色差值为9.426.研究结果可为蓝莓保藏和精深加工提供参考.     

沙枣沙棘复合果酱的响应面法工艺优化及储藏期预测

以新疆喀什沙枣为原料,添加新疆精河县沙棘代替酸味剂柠檬酸,研制复合果酱。通过单因素试验,对沙棘添加量、白砂糖添加量和熬煮时间进行研究。根据可溶性固形物含量及感官评分,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计试验,优化沙枣沙棘复合果酱的工艺配方,并通过建立Q10模型对其货架期进行预测。结果表明,沙枣沙棘复合果酱的工艺配方为：沙枣质量设为100%,沙棘添加量12%,白砂糖添加量15%,熬煮时间25 min。该条件下得到的复合果酱产品品质较好,酱体呈黄褐色,甜酸适中,组织状态良好,其中可溶性固形物含量为66%,pH值 3.80,蛋白质含量0.57%,多酚含量4.32 mg/g,黄酮含量0.67 mg/g,还原糖含量3.67%,微生物指标符合国家标准。通过建立Q10模型,预测该产品20 ℃条件下的货架期为177 d。     

西番莲粉喷雾干燥工艺研究

采用酶解西番莲汁为原料,以麦芽糊精为助干剂,通过喷雾干燥法制备了西番莲粉,研究麦芽糊精添加量、进风温度、进料流量和进料浓度对西番莲粉产率、VC含量和含水率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化了西番莲粉喷雾干燥工艺参数。结果表明,西番莲粉喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数为:麦芽糊精添加量60%(按照喷雾干燥前料液总固形物含量计算),进风温度170℃,进料流量9 mL/min,进料浓度30%,此条件下西番莲粉的产率50.47%,VC含量58.88 mg/100 g,含水率4.8%。制得的产品具有西番莲特有的果香,研究为西番莲的产品多样化提供新的方法和思路。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.